Question 1

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

Accepted Answer

A)  No harpsichords are things made of aluminum. 
B)  Some chamber works will not be performed at the festival. 
C)  Some sculptors work only with marble. 
D)  Not all poems by Milton are sonnets. 
E)  Good screenwriters are usually well-paid. 
A)  No harpsichords are things made of aluminum. 
B)  Some chamber works will not be performed at the festival. 
C)  Some sculptors work only with marble. 
D)  Not all poems by Milton are sonnets. 
E)  Good screenwriters are usually well-paid.

Question 2

All computer games are opportunities for wasting time. Therefore, it is false that no computer games are opportunities for wasting time.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary 
D)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
A)  Valid. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary 
D)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation.

Question 3

No A are non-B. (F) Contrary

Accepted Answer

A)  All A are non-B. (Und.) 
B)  All A are non-B. (T) 
C)  Some A are non-B. (T) 
D)  No non-B are A. (T) 
E)  No non-B are A. (F) 
A)  All A are non-B. (Und.) 
B)  All A are non-B. (T) 
C)  Some A are non-B. (T) 
D)  No non-B are A. (T) 
E)  No non-B are A. (F)

Question 4

No wind farms are pollution generators. Therefore, it is false that all wind farms are pollution generators.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
E)  Valid, no fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
E)  Valid, no fallacy.

Question 5

The statement "Some climatic changes are occurrences caused by interstellar dust" is a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  E-proposition. 
B)  O-proposition. 
C)  I-proposition. 
D)  A-proposition. 
E)  S-proposition. 
A)  E-proposition. 
B)  O-proposition. 
C)  I-proposition. 
D)  A-proposition. 
E)  S-proposition.

Question 6

All except the welders got a raise.

Accepted Answer

A)  No welders are persons who got a raise and all non-welders are persons who got a raise. 
B)  All non-welders got a raise and no welders got a raise. 
C)  All welders are not persons who got a raise. 
D)  No welders are persons who got a raise. 
E)  All persons who are not welders are persons who got a raise. 
A)  No welders are persons who got a raise and all non-welders are persons who got a raise. 
B)  All non-welders got a raise and no welders got a raise. 
C)  All welders are not persons who got a raise. 
D)  No welders are persons who got a raise. 
E)  All persons who are not welders are persons who got a raise.

Question 7

President Kennedy was assassinated.

Accepted Answer

A)  All persons identical to President Kennedy are persons who were assassinated. 
B)  All persons identical to President Kennedy were assassinated persons. 
C)  No persons who were not assassinated are persons not identical to President Kennedy. 
D)  Some persons identical to President Kennedy are persons who were assassinated. 
E)  All persons like president Kennedy are persons who were assassinated. 
A)  All persons identical to President Kennedy are persons who were assassinated. 
B)  All persons identical to President Kennedy were assassinated persons. 
C)  No persons who were not assassinated are persons not identical to President Kennedy. 
D)  Some persons identical to President Kennedy are persons who were assassinated. 
E)  All persons like president Kennedy are persons who were assassinated.

Question 8

Women are dancing in the street.

Accepted Answer

A)  All women are persons who are dancing in the street. 
B)  All streets are places some women are dancing. 
C)  Some women are persons who are dancing in the street. 
D)  Some women are not persons who are dancing in the street. 
E)  Some women are dancing in the street. 
A)  All women are persons who are dancing in the street. 
B)  All streets are places some women are dancing. 
C)  Some women are persons who are dancing in the street. 
D)  Some women are not persons who are dancing in the street. 
E)  Some women are dancing in the street.

Question 9

No A are B. (T) All A are B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contrary. (F) 
B)  Contradictory. (F) 
C)  Obversion. (T) 
D)  Conversion. (T) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
A)  Contrary. (F) 
B)  Contradictory. (F) 
C)  Obversion. (T) 
D)  Conversion. (T) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.)

Question 10

None but geniuses are attending.

Accepted Answer

A)  All geniuses are persons who are attending. 
B)  All people who are not attending are people who are not geniuses. 
C)  All persons attending are geniuses. 
D)  Some geniuses are persons who are attending. 
E)  No geniuses are people who are not attending. 
A)  All geniuses are persons who are attending. 
B)  All people who are not attending are people who are not geniuses. 
C)  All persons attending are geniuses. 
D)  Some geniuses are persons who are attending. 
E)  No geniuses are people who are not attending.

Question 11

Some happy endings are not unplanned outcomes. Therefore, some planned outcomes are not unhappy endings.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary.

Question 12

Some non-A are not B. (T) Some non-B are not A.

Accepted Answer

A)  Conversion. (Und.) 
B)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
C)  Contraposition. (T) 
D)  Subcontrary. (F) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
A)  Conversion. (Und.) 
B)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
C)  Contraposition. (T) 
D)  Subcontrary. (F) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.)

Question 13

In each problem below you are given a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and an operation/relation to be performed on that statement.  You must identify the new statement and the truth value of the new statement. Take the Aristotelian standpoint and assume that ‘A’ and ‘B’ denote things that actually exist.
-All non-A are B. (T) Contraposition

Accepted Answer

A)  All A are non-B. (T) 
B)  All B are non-A. (Und.) 
C)  All non-B are A. (T) 
D)  All non-B are A. (Und.) 
E)  All A are non-B. (Und.) 
A)  All A are non-B. (T) 
B)  All B are non-A. (Und.) 
C)  All non-B are A. (T) 
D)  All non-B are A. (Und.) 
E)  All A are non-B. (Und.)

Question 14

Some A are non-B. (T) All A are non-B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Subalternation. (T) 
B)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
C)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
D)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
E)  Contradictory. (F) 
A)  Subalternation. (T) 
B)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
C)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
D)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
E)  Contradictory. (F)

Question 15

In Categorical Proposition 1A, the quantifier is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Are. 
B)  Particular. 
C)  All. 
D)  Universal. 
E)  Are not. 
A)  Are. 
B)  Particular. 
C)  All. 
D)  Universal. 
E)  Are not.

Question 16

In each problem below you are given a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and an operation/relation to be performed on that statement.  You must identify the new statement and the truth value of the new statement. Take the Aristotelian standpoint and assume that ‘A’ and ‘B’ denote things that actually exist.
-Some non-A are not B. (T) Subcontrary

Accepted Answer

A)  Some A are B. (T) 
B)  No non-A are B. (Und.) 
C)  All non-A are B. (F) 
D)  Some non-A are B. (Und.) 
E)  Some non-B are not A. (T) 
A)  Some A are B. (T) 
B)  No non-A are B. (Und.) 
C)  All non-A are B. (F) 
D)  Some non-A are B. (Und.) 
E)  Some non-B are not A. (T)

Question 17

All except the skaters won a medal.

Accepted Answer

A)  All skaters are not people who won a medal. 
B)  No skaters are people who won a medal and all non-skaters are people who won a medal. 
C)  Some skaters are not people who won a medal. 
D)  All people who did not win a medal are skaters. 
E)  No skaters are people who won a medal. 
A)  All skaters are not people who won a medal. 
B)  No skaters are people who won a medal and all non-skaters are people who won a medal. 
C)  Some skaters are not people who won a medal. 
D)  All people who did not win a medal are skaters. 
E)  No skaters are people who won a medal.

Question 18

No non-A are B. (T) Obversion.

Accepted Answer

A)  No B are non-A. (T) 
B)  Some non-A are not B. (T) 
C)  All non-A are non-B. (T) 
D)  All A are non-B. (Und.) 
E)  Some non-A are B. (F) 
A)  No B are non-A. (T) 
B)  Some non-A are not B. (T) 
C)  All non-A are non-B. (T) 
D)  All A are non-B. (Und.) 
E)  Some non-A are B. (F)

Question 19

No non-A are non-B. (T) Contrary

Accepted Answer

A)  All non-A are non-B. (F) 
B)  All B are A. (Und.) 
C)  All non-A are B. (T) 
D)  Some non-A are non-B. (F) 
E)  All non-A are non-B. (Und.) 
A)  All non-A are non-B. (F) 
B)  All B are A. (Und.) 
C)  All non-A are B. (T) 
D)  Some non-A are non-B. (F) 
E)  All non-A are non-B. (Und.)

Question 20

Some non-A are B. (T) Subcontrary

Accepted Answer

A)  All non-A are B. (Und.) 
B)  Some non-A are not B. (Und.) 
C)  Some non-A are not B. (F) 
D)  Some B are non-A. (T) 
E)  All non-A are B. (T) 
A)  All non-A are B. (Und.) 
B)  Some non-A are not B. (Und.) 
C)  Some non-A are not B. (F) 
D)  Some B are non-A. (T) 
E)  All non-A are B. (T)

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

All computer games are opportunities for wasting time. Therefore, it is false that no computer games are opportunities for wasting time.

No A are non-B. (F) Contrary

No wind farms are pollution generators. Therefore, it is false that all wind farms are pollution generators.

The statement "Some climatic changes are occurrences caused by interstellar dust" is a(n):

All except the welders got a raise.

President Kennedy was assassinated.

Women are dancing in the street.

No A are B. (T) All A are B.

None but geniuses are attending.

Some happy endings are not unplanned outcomes. Therefore, some planned outcomes are not unhappy endings.

Some non-A are not B. (T) Some non-B are not A.

Some A are non-B. (T) All A are non-B.

In Categorical Proposition 1A, the quantifier is:

All except the skaters won a medal.

No non-A are B. (T) Obversion.

No non-A are non-B. (T) Contrary

Some non-A are B. (T) Subcontrary

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

All computer games are opportunities for wasting time. Therefore, it is false that no computer games are opportunities for wasting time.

No A are non-B. (F) Contrary

No wind farms are pollution generators. Therefore, it is false that all wind farms are pollution generators.

The statement "Some climatic changes are occurrences caused by interstellar dust" is a(n):

All except the welders got a raise.

President Kennedy was assassinated.

Women are dancing in the street.

No A are B. (T) All A are B.

None but geniuses are attending.

Some happy endings are not unplanned outcomes. Therefore, some planned outcomes are not unhappy endings.

Some non-A are not B. (T) Some non-B are not A.

Some A are non-B. (T) All A are non-B.

In Categorical Proposition 1A, the quantifier is:

All except the skaters won a medal.

No non-A are B. (T) Obversion.

No non-A are non-B. (T) Contrary

Some non-A are B. (T) Subcontrary

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters