Question 1

Shoes are not comfortable unless they fit well.

Accepted Answer

A)  All comfortable shoes are shoes that fit well. 
B)  No uncomfortable shoes are shoes that fit well. 
C)  Some comfortable shoes are shoes that fit well. 
D)  All shoes that fit well are comfortable shoes. 
E)  All uncomfortable shoes are shoes that do not fit well. 
A)  All comfortable shoes are shoes that fit well. 
B)  No uncomfortable shoes are shoes that fit well. 
C)  Some comfortable shoes are shoes that fit well. 
D)  All shoes that fit well are comfortable shoes. 
E)  All uncomfortable shoes are shoes that do not fit well.

Question 2

A dog barked.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some dogs are not animals that barked. 
B)  Some dogs barked, and some dogs did not bark. 
C)  All dogs are animals that barked. 
D)  Some dogs are animals that barked. 
E)  Some animals identical to a dog are animals that barked. 
A)  Some dogs are not animals that barked. 
B)  Some dogs barked, and some dogs did not bark. 
C)  All dogs are animals that barked. 
D)  Some dogs are animals that barked. 
E)  Some animals identical to a dog are animals that barked.

Question 3

No A are B. (T) Some A are B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
B)  Subalternation. (T) 
C)  Conversion. (T) 
D)  Contrary. (F) 
E)  Contradiction. (F) 
A)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
B)  Subalternation. (T) 
C)  Conversion. (T) 
D)  Contrary. (F) 
E)  Contradiction. (F)

Question 4

No non-A are non-B. (F) Obversion

Accepted Answer

A)  All non-A are B. (F) 
B)  No non-B are non-A. (F) 
C)  No B are A. (Und.) 
D)  All non-A are non-B. (Und.) 
E)  Some non-A are non-B. (T) 
A)  All non-A are B. (F) 
B)  No non-B are non-A. (F) 
C)  No B are A. (Und.) 
D)  All non-A are non-B. (Und.) 
E)  Some non-A are non-B. (T)

Question 5

Some non-A are not B. (T) Subcontrary

Accepted Answer

A)  Some non-A are B. (Und.) 
B)  No non-A are B. (Und.) 
C)  All non-A are B. (F) 
D)  Some A are B. (T) 
E)  Some non-B are not A. (T) 
A)  Some non-A are B. (Und.) 
B)  No non-A are B. (Und.) 
C)  All non-A are B. (F) 
D)  Some A are B. (T) 
E)  Some non-B are not A. (T)

Question 6

No A are non-B. (T) No non-B are A.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
B)  Conversion. (Und.) 
C)  Conversion. (T) 
D)  Conversion. (F) 
E)  Obversion. (T) 
A)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
B)  Conversion. (Und.) 
C)  Conversion. (T) 
D)  Conversion. (F) 
E)  Obversion. (T)

Question 7

Memorial Day never occurs in June.

Accepted Answer

A)  All times that are not June are times Memorial Day occurs. 
B)  No times Memorial Day occurs are times in June. 
C)  All times Memorial Day occurs are not times in June. 
D)  All times in June are not times Memorial Day occurs. 
E)  No Memorial Days are in June. 
A)  All times that are not June are times Memorial Day occurs. 
B)  No times Memorial Day occurs are times in June. 
C)  All times Memorial Day occurs are not times in June. 
D)  All times in June are not times Memorial Day occurs. 
E)  No Memorial Days are in June.

Question 8

No A are non-B. (T) Subalternation

Accepted Answer

A)  Some A are non-B. (Und.) 
B)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
C)  Some A are not B. (T) 
D)  No non-B are A. (T) 
E)  Some A are not non-B. (F) 
A)  Some A are non-B. (Und.) 
B)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
C)  Some A are not B. (T) 
D)  No non-B are A. (T) 
E)  Some A are not non-B. (F)

Question 9

Some S are P. (Boolean standpoint)   After filling in the Venn diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  There is an X in Area 3. 
B)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 2. 
C)  There is a circled X in Area 2. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
E)  There is an X in Area 1, and there are no other marks. 
A)  There is an X in Area 3. 
B)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 2. 
C)  There is a circled X in Area 2. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
E)  There is an X in Area 1, and there are no other marks.

Question 10

No ballerinas are awkward dancers. Therefore, it is false that all ballerinas are awkward dancers.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Valid, no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Valid, no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Question 11

All charitable contributions are tax-deductible gifts. Therefore, all tax-deductible gifts are charitable contributions.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Question 12

In Categorical Proposition 1A, the copula is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Are. 
B)  Are not. 
C)  All. 
D)  Affirmative. 
E)  Are not legal. 
A)  Are. 
B)  Are not. 
C)  All. 
D)  Affirmative. 
E)  Are not legal.

Question 13

Some A are non-B. (T) Some non-B are A.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
B)  Contrary. (F) 
C)  Conversion. (T) 
D)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
E)  Contradiction. (F) 
A)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
B)  Contrary. (F) 
C)  Conversion. (T) 
D)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
E)  Contradiction. (F)

Question 14

No unicorns are goats. Therefore, it is false that all unicorns are goats.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid; no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
E)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid; no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
E)  Invalid; existential fallacy.

Question 15

It is false that some leprechauns are not cobblers. Therefore, it is false that no leprechauns are cobblers.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid; no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
E)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
A)  Valid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid; no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
E)  Invalid; existential fallacy.

Question 16

In Categorical Proposition 1C, the subject term is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Some. 
B)  Corporations that are operating in the United States. 
C)  Enterprises. 
D)  Enterprises that are earning a profit. 
E)  Corporations. 
A)  Some. 
B)  Corporations that are operating in the United States. 
C)  Enterprises. 
D)  Enterprises that are earning a profit. 
E)  Corporations.

Question 17

No A are B. (T) Some A are B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Subalternation. (T) 
B)  Contradiction. (F) 
C)  Conversion. (T) 
D)  Contrary. (F) 
E)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
A)  Subalternation. (T) 
B)  Contradiction. (F) 
C)  Conversion. (T) 
D)  Contrary. (F) 
E)  Contraposition. (Und.)

Question 18

Tulips are blooming in the garden.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some tulips are flowers blooming in the garden. 
B)  All flowers blooming in the garden are tulips. 
C)  Some tulips are not flowers blooming in the garden. 
D)  All tulips are flowers blooming in the garden. 
E)  Some tulips are blooming in the garden. 
A)  Some tulips are flowers blooming in the garden. 
B)  All flowers blooming in the garden are tulips. 
C)  Some tulips are not flowers blooming in the garden. 
D)  All tulips are flowers blooming in the garden. 
E)  Some tulips are blooming in the garden.

Question 19

All holiday parades are colorful events. Therefore, some holiday parades are colorful events.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
E)  Valid, no fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
E)  Valid, no fallacy.

Question 20

Wherever there is poverty there is crime.

Accepted Answer

A)  All places there is poverty are places there is crime. 
B)  All places there is no poverty are places there is no crime. 
C)  All places there is crime are places there is poverty. 
D)  All times there is poverty are times there is crime. 
E)  Some places there is poverty are places there is crime. 
A)  All places there is poverty are places there is crime. 
B)  All places there is no poverty are places there is no crime. 
C)  All places there is crime are places there is poverty. 
D)  All times there is poverty are times there is crime. 
E)  Some places there is poverty are places there is crime.

Shoes are not comfortable unless they fit well.

A dog barked.

No A are B. (T) Some A are B.

No non-A are non-B. (F) Obversion

Some non-A are not B. (T) Subcontrary

No A are non-B. (T) No non-B are A.

Memorial Day never occurs in June.

No A are non-B. (T) Subalternation

Some S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

No ballerinas are awkward dancers. Therefore, it is false that all ballerinas are awkward dancers.

All charitable contributions are tax-deductible gifts. Therefore, all tax-deductible gifts are charitable contributions.

In Categorical Proposition 1A, the copula is:

Some A are non-B. (T) Some non-B are A.

No unicorns are goats. Therefore, it is false that all unicorns are goats.

It is false that some leprechauns are not cobblers. Therefore, it is false that no leprechauns are cobblers.

In Categorical Proposition 1C, the subject term is:

No A are B. (T) Some A are B.

Tulips are blooming in the garden.

All holiday parades are colorful events. Therefore, some holiday parades are colorful events.

Wherever there is poverty there is crime.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

Shoes are not comfortable unless they fit well.

A dog barked.

No A are B. (T) Some A are B.

No non-A are non-B. (F) Obversion

Some non-A are not B. (T) Subcontrary

No A are non-B. (T) No non-B are A.

Memorial Day never occurs in June.

No A are non-B. (T) Subalternation

Some S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

No ballerinas are awkward dancers. Therefore, it is false that all ballerinas are awkward dancers.

All charitable contributions are tax-deductible gifts. Therefore, all tax-deductible gifts are charitable contributions.

In Categorical Proposition 1A, the copula is:

Some A are non-B. (T) Some non-B are A.

No unicorns are goats. Therefore, it is false that all unicorns are goats.

It is false that some leprechauns are not cobblers. Therefore, it is false that no leprechauns are cobblers.

In Categorical Proposition 1C, the subject term is:

No A are B. (T) Some A are B.

Tulips are blooming in the garden.

All holiday parades are colorful events. Therefore, some holiday parades are colorful events.

Wherever there is poverty there is crime.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters