Question 1

All books except novels are boring to read.

Accepted Answer

A)  No novels are books boring to read. 
B)  All books boring to read are books that are not novels. 
C)  Some novels are not books boring to read. 
D)  All books that are not boring to read are books that are novels. 
E)  No novels are books boring to read, and all books that are not novels are books boring to read. 
A)  No novels are books boring to read. 
B)  All books boring to read are books that are not novels. 
C)  Some novels are not books boring to read. 
D)  All books that are not boring to read are books that are novels. 
E)  No novels are books boring to read, and all books that are not novels are books boring to read.

Question 2

No A are non-B. (T) Subalternation

Accepted Answer

A)  No non-B are A. (T) 
B)  Some A are non-B. (Und.) 
C)  Some A are not B. (T) 
D)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
E)  Some A are not non-B. (F) 
A)  No non-B are A. (T) 
B)  Some A are non-B. (Und.) 
C)  Some A are not B. (T) 
D)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
E)  Some A are not non-B. (F)

Question 3

Given the categorical proposition "Some drugs are not effective medicines." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  All drugs are not effective medicines. 
B)  No drugs are not effective medicines. 
C)  All drugs are effective medicines. 
D)  No drugs are effective medicines. 
E)  Some drugs are effective medicines. 
A)  All drugs are not effective medicines. 
B)  No drugs are not effective medicines. 
C)  All drugs are effective medicines. 
D)  No drugs are effective medicines. 
E)  Some drugs are effective medicines.

Question 4

Some religious displays are violations of the First Amendment. Therefore, some violations of the First Amendment are religious displays.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Valid. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Valid. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit conversion.

Question 5

All A are non-B. (F) Contradictory.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some A are B. (T) 
B)  All A are not non-B. (T) 
C)  No A are non-B. (Und.) 
D)  No A are non-B. (T) 
E)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
A)  Some A are B. (T) 
B)  All A are not non-B. (T) 
C)  No A are non-B. (Und.) 
D)  No A are non-B. (T) 
E)  Some A are not non-B. (T)

Question 6

No S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint)   After filling in the diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
B)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
D)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
E)  There is an X in Area 2. 
A)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
B)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
D)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
E)  There is an X in Area 2.

Question 7

In Categorical Proposition 1B, the quality is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Particular. 
B)  Affirmative. 
C)  Negative. 
D)  Undistributed 
E)  Universal. 
A)  Particular. 
B)  Affirmative. 
C)  Negative. 
D)  Undistributed 
E)  Universal.

Question 8

Some compact cars are hybrids. Therefore, it is false that no compact cars are hybrids.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid, Illicit subalternation. 
E)  Valid, no fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid, Illicit subalternation. 
E)  Valid, no fallacy.

Question 9

It is false that some leprechauns are Englishmen. Therefore, no leprechauns are Englishmen.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Valid; no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid; illicit contradiction. 
D)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
E)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
A)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Valid; no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid; illicit contradiction. 
D)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
E)  Invalid; illicit conversion.

Question 10

Some non-A are B. (F) Contradictory

Accepted Answer

A)  All non-A are not B. (T) 
B)  Some non-A are not B. (T) 
C)  No non-A are B. (T) 
D)  Some non-A are non-B. (T) 
E)  No non-A are non-B. (F) 
A)  All non-A are not B. (T) 
B)  Some non-A are not B. (T) 
C)  No non-A are B. (T) 
D)  Some non-A are non-B. (T) 
E)  No non-A are non-B. (F)

Question 11

It is false that some funerals are gleeful occasions. Therefore, some funerals are not gleeful occasions.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
E)  Valid; no fallacy. 
A)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
E)  Valid; no fallacy.

Question 12

Some A are non-B. (T) Some non-B are A.

Accepted Answer

A)  Conversion. (T) 
B)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
C)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
D)  Obversion. (T) 
E)  Contraposition. (T) 
A)  Conversion. (T) 
B)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
C)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
D)  Obversion. (T) 
E)  Contraposition. (T)

Question 13

No expensive menu items are unappetizing meals. Therefore, no appetizing meals are inexpensive menu items.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation.

Question 14

All A are B. (F) Contrary

Accepted Answer

A)  All B are A. (Und.) 
B)  No A are B. (Und.) 
C)  All non-B are non-A. (F) 
D)  No A are B. (T) 
E)  All B are A. (F) 
A)  All B are A. (Und.) 
B)  No A are B. (Und.) 
C)  All non-B are non-A. (F) 
D)  No A are B. (T) 
E)  All B are A. (F)

Question 15

Some non-A are not B. (F) Subcontrary

Accepted Answer

A)  No non-A are B. (F) 
B)  Some non-A are B. (T) 
C)  Some A are B. (T) 
D)  Some A are B. (Und.) 
E)  Some non-A are B. (Und.) 
A)  No non-A are B. (F) 
B)  Some non-A are B. (T) 
C)  Some A are B. (T) 
D)  Some A are B. (Und.) 
E)  Some non-A are B. (Und.)

Question 16

Given the categorical proposition "Some inventions are not success stories." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  No inventions are success stories. 
B)  Some inventions are success stories. 
C)  Some inventions are not success stories. 
D)  Some success stories are not inventions. 
E)  All inventions are success stories. 
A)  No inventions are success stories. 
B)  Some inventions are success stories. 
C)  Some inventions are not success stories. 
D)  Some success stories are not inventions. 
E)  All inventions are success stories.

Question 17

Some A are not B. (T) No A are B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
B)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
C)  Obversion. (T) 
D)  Contraposition. (T) 
E)  Contradictory. (F) 
A)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
B)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
C)  Obversion. (T) 
D)  Contraposition. (T) 
E)  Contradictory. (F)

Question 18

No A are non-B. (F) No non-B are A.

Accepted Answer

A)  Conversion. (F) 
B)  Contrary. (Und.) 
C)  Conversion. (Und.) 
D)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
E)  Contraposition. (T) 
A)  Conversion. (F) 
B)  Contrary. (Und.) 
C)  Conversion. (Und.) 
D)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
E)  Contraposition. (T)

Question 19

Given the categorical proposition "Some tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  No tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests. 
B)  All tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests. 
C)  Some tax loopholes are benefits that do not reward special interests. 
D)  Some tax loopholes are not benefits that reward special interests. 
E)  No tax loopholes are benefits that do not reward special interests. 
A)  No tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests. 
B)  All tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests. 
C)  Some tax loopholes are benefits that do not reward special interests. 
D)  Some tax loopholes are not benefits that reward special interests. 
E)  No tax loopholes are benefits that do not reward special interests.

Question 20

No expensive lawsuits are friendly exchanges. Therefore, no unfriendly exchanges are inexpensive lawsuits.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
A)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contraposition.

All books except novels are boring to read.

No A are non-B. (T) Subalternation

Given the categorical proposition "Some drugs are not effective medicines." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some religious displays are violations of the First Amendment. Therefore, some violations of the First Amendment are religious displays.

All A are non-B. (F) Contradictory.

No S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

In Categorical Proposition 1B, the quality is:

Some compact cars are hybrids. Therefore, it is false that no compact cars are hybrids.

It is false that some leprechauns are Englishmen. Therefore, no leprechauns are Englishmen.

Some non-A are B. (F) Contradictory

It is false that some funerals are gleeful occasions. Therefore, some funerals are not gleeful occasions.

Some A are non-B. (T) Some non-B are A.

No expensive menu items are unappetizing meals. Therefore, no appetizing meals are inexpensive menu items.

All A are B. (F) Contrary

Some non-A are not B. (F) Subcontrary

Given the categorical proposition "Some inventions are not success stories." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some A are not B. (T) No A are B.

No A are non-B. (F) No non-B are A.

Given the categorical proposition "Some tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

No expensive lawsuits are friendly exchanges. Therefore, no unfriendly exchanges are inexpensive lawsuits.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

All books except novels are boring to read.

No A are non-B. (T) Subalternation

Given the categorical proposition "Some drugs are not effective medicines." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some religious displays are violations of the First Amendment. Therefore, some violations of the First Amendment are religious displays.

All A are non-B. (F) Contradictory.

No S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

In Categorical Proposition 1B, the quality is:

Some compact cars are hybrids. Therefore, it is false that no compact cars are hybrids.

It is false that some leprechauns are Englishmen. Therefore, no leprechauns are Englishmen.

Some non-A are B. (F) Contradictory

It is false that some funerals are gleeful occasions. Therefore, some funerals are not gleeful occasions.

Some A are non-B. (T) Some non-B are A.

No expensive menu items are unappetizing meals. Therefore, no appetizing meals are inexpensive menu items.

All A are B. (F) Contrary

Some non-A are not B. (F) Subcontrary

Given the categorical proposition "Some inventions are not success stories." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some A are not B. (T) No A are B.

No A are non-B. (F) No non-B are A.

Given the categorical proposition "Some tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

No expensive lawsuits are friendly exchanges. Therefore, no unfriendly exchanges are inexpensive lawsuits.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters