Question 1

No A are B. (F) Subalternation.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some A are not B. (Und.) 
B)  All A are B. (T) 
C)  Some A are not B. (F) 
D)  No non-B are non-A. (Und.) 
E)  All A are B. (Und.) 
A)  Some A are not B. (Und.) 
B)  All A are B. (T) 
C)  Some A are not B. (F) 
D)  No non-B are non-A. (Und.) 
E)  All A are B. (Und.)

Question 2

All A are non-B. (F) Conversion

Accepted Answer

A)  All B are non-A. (Und.) 
B)  No A are non-B. (Und.) 
C)  All non-B are A. (Und.) 
D)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
E)  All non-B are A. (F) 
A)  All B are non-A. (Und.) 
B)  No A are non-B. (Und.) 
C)  All non-B are A. (Und.) 
D)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
E)  All non-B are A. (F)

Question 3

The only articles on the shelf are vases.

Accepted Answer

A)  All articles on the shelf are vases. 
B)  All things identical to vases are articles on the shelf. 
C)  All vases are articles on the shelf. 
D)  Some articles on the shelf are vases. 
E)  No articles not on the shelf are vases. 
A)  All articles on the shelf are vases. 
B)  All things identical to vases are articles on the shelf. 
C)  All vases are articles on the shelf. 
D)  Some articles on the shelf are vases. 
E)  No articles not on the shelf are vases.

Question 4

It is false that no underdogs are winners. Therefore, it is false that some underdogs are not winners.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit conversion.

Question 5

It is false that no jurists are distinguished scholars. Therefore, all jurists are distinguished scholars.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
B)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
D)  Valid; no fallacy. 
E)  Valid; illicit subalternation. 
A)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
B)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
D)  Valid; no fallacy. 
E)  Valid; illicit subalternation.

Question 6

In Categorical Proposition 1H, the subject term is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Articles. 
B)  Urns that are not made of marble. 
C)  Articles that are currently on sale. 
D)  Urns. 
E)  Made of marble. 
A)  Articles. 
B)  Urns that are not made of marble. 
C)  Articles that are currently on sale. 
D)  Urns. 
E)  Made of marble.

Question 7

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

Accepted Answer

A)  Not all peace treaties are viable arrangements. 
B)  Some Persian cats are pure white. 
C)  No action movies are occasions for relaxation. 
D)  Few novels are books worth reading. 
E)  All incompetent administrators will be fired. 
A)  Not all peace treaties are viable arrangements. 
B)  Some Persian cats are pure white. 
C)  No action movies are occasions for relaxation. 
D)  Few novels are books worth reading. 
E)  All incompetent administrators will be fired.

Question 8

No tooth fairies are philanthropists. Therefore, it is false that all tooth fairies are philanthropists.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid; no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
E)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
A)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid; no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
E)  Invalid; illicit subalternation.

Question 9

It is false that some charming nymphs are not winged fairies. Therefore, some charming nymphs are winged fairies.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Valid. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
A)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Valid. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary.

Question 10

Soft drinks are not alcoholic.

Accepted Answer

A)  No things identical to soft drinks are things identical to alcoholic beverages. 
B)  Some soft drinks are not alcoholic beverages. 
C)  All soft drinks are not alcoholic beverages. 
D)  All soft drinks are nonalcoholic. 
E)  No soft drinks are alcoholic beverages. 
A)  No things identical to soft drinks are things identical to alcoholic beverages. 
B)  Some soft drinks are not alcoholic beverages. 
C)  All soft drinks are not alcoholic beverages. 
D)  All soft drinks are nonalcoholic. 
E)  No soft drinks are alcoholic beverages.

Question 11

Some flying horses are dependable steeds. Therefore, some dependable steeds are flying horses.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Valid, no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Valid, no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, illicit obversion.

Question 12

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint)   After filling in the Venn diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
B)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
A)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
B)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2.

Question 13

It is false that all ballet performances are thrilling exhibitions. Therefore, it is false that some ballet performances are thrilling exhibitions.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
B)  Valid. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
B)  Valid. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Question 14

Some A are not B. (T) No A are B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
B)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
C)  Contraposition. (T) 
D)  Obversion. (T) 
E)  Contradictory. (F) 
A)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
B)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
C)  Contraposition. (T) 
D)  Obversion. (T) 
E)  Contradictory. (F)

Question 15

In Categorical Proposition 1E, the quality is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Subjective. 
B)  Universal. 
C)  Affirmative. 
D)  Negative. 
E)  Particular. 
A)  Subjective. 
B)  Universal. 
C)  Affirmative. 
D)  Negative. 
E)  Particular.

Question 16

If a deer has no horns, then it isn't a buck.

Accepted Answer

A)  All bucks are deer with horns. 
B)  No deer that are not bucks are deer with horns. 
C)  All deer with horns are bucks. 
D)  All deer without horns are not bucks. 
E)  If a deer is a buck, then it has horns. 
A)  All bucks are deer with horns. 
B)  No deer that are not bucks are deer with horns. 
C)  All deer with horns are bucks. 
D)  All deer without horns are not bucks. 
E)  If a deer is a buck, then it has horns.

Question 17

No S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint)   After filling in the Venn diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
B)  There is an X in Area 2. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
D)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 1 is shaded. 
A)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
B)  There is an X in Area 2. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
D)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 1 is shaded.

Question 18

Some non-A are not B. (T) Some non-A are B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
B)  Conversion. (Und.) 
C)  Contradiction. (F) 
D)  Contraposition. (T) 
E)  Obversion. (T) 
A)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
B)  Conversion. (Und.) 
C)  Contradiction. (F) 
D)  Contraposition. (T) 
E)  Obversion. (T)

Question 19

No cases of bullying are tolerated behaviors. Therefore, some cases of bullying are not tolerated behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit contradictory. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Valid. 
A)  Invalid, illicit contradictory. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Valid.

Question 20

It is false that no student loans are heavy financial burdens. Therefore, all student loans are heavy financial burdens.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
A)  Valid. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation.

No A are B. (F) Subalternation.

All A are non-B. (F) Conversion

The only articles on the shelf are vases.

It is false that no underdogs are winners. Therefore, it is false that some underdogs are not winners.

It is false that no jurists are distinguished scholars. Therefore, all jurists are distinguished scholars.

In Categorical Proposition 1H, the subject term is:

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

No tooth fairies are philanthropists. Therefore, it is false that all tooth fairies are philanthropists.

It is false that some charming nymphs are not winged fairies. Therefore, some charming nymphs are winged fairies.

Soft drinks are not alcoholic.

Some flying horses are dependable steeds. Therefore, some dependable steeds are flying horses.

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

It is false that all ballet performances are thrilling exhibitions. Therefore, it is false that some ballet performances are thrilling exhibitions.

Some A are not B. (T) No A are B.

In Categorical Proposition 1E, the quality is:

If a deer has no horns, then it isn't a buck.

No S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

Some non-A are not B. (T) Some non-A are B.

No cases of bullying are tolerated behaviors. Therefore, some cases of bullying are not tolerated behaviors.

It is false that no student loans are heavy financial burdens. Therefore, all student loans are heavy financial burdens.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

No A are B. (F) Subalternation.

All A are non-B. (F) Conversion

The only articles on the shelf are vases.

It is false that no underdogs are winners. Therefore, it is false that some underdogs are not winners.

It is false that no jurists are distinguished scholars. Therefore, all jurists are distinguished scholars.

In Categorical Proposition 1H, the subject term is:

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

No tooth fairies are philanthropists. Therefore, it is false that all tooth fairies are philanthropists.

It is false that some charming nymphs are not winged fairies. Therefore, some charming nymphs are winged fairies.

Soft drinks are not alcoholic.

Some flying horses are dependable steeds. Therefore, some dependable steeds are flying horses.

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

It is false that all ballet performances are thrilling exhibitions. Therefore, it is false that some ballet performances are thrilling exhibitions.

Some A are not B. (T) No A are B.

In Categorical Proposition 1E, the quality is:

If a deer has no horns, then it isn't a buck.

No S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

Some non-A are not B. (T) Some non-A are B.

No cases of bullying are tolerated behaviors. Therefore, some cases of bullying are not tolerated behaviors.

It is false that no student loans are heavy financial burdens. Therefore, all student loans are heavy financial burdens.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters