Question 1

Usually, a single biochemical test is all that is needed to identify an unknown microbial sample.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

One of the ways that cells balance anabolism and catabolism is to

Accepted Answer

A)  use separate coenzymes such as NAD+ vs. NADP+ for catabolic vs. anabolic pathways. 
B)  use the same enzyme to run a reaction in both the catabolic and anabolic direction and use feedback inhibition to shut down a pathway that is not needed. 
C)  use feedback inhibition to shut down a pathway that is not needed and use separate coenzymes such as NAD+ vs. NADP+ for catabolic vs. anabolic pathways. 
D)  use feedback inhibition to shut down a pathway that is not needed. 
E)  use the same enzyme to run a reaction in both the catabolic and anabolic direction. 
A)  use separate coenzymes such as NAD+ vs. NADP+ for catabolic vs. anabolic pathways. 
B)  use the same enzyme to run a reaction in both the catabolic and anabolic direction and use feedback inhibition to shut down a pathway that is not needed. 
C)  use feedback inhibition to shut down a pathway that is not needed and use separate coenzymes such as NAD+ vs. NADP+ for catabolic vs. anabolic pathways. 
D)  use feedback inhibition to shut down a pathway that is not needed. 
E)  use the same enzyme to run a reaction in both the catabolic and anabolic direction. C

Question 3

A bacterial culture which is growing under conditions that only allow for fermentation will grow at the same rate as a culture of the same species growing under conditions which allow for aerobic cellular respiration, all other conditions being identical.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

Gluconeogenesis

Accepted Answer

A)  can be accomplished by funneling intermediates from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and lipid or protein catabolism. 
B)  is an example of biosynthesis. 
C)  is building glucose from non- sugar starting materials and can be accomplished by funneling intermediates from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and lipid or protein catabolism. 
D)  is building glucose from non- sugar starting materials and can be accomplished by funneling intermediates from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and lipid or protein catabolism and an example of biosynthesis. 
E)  is building glucose from non- sugar starting materials. 
A)  can be accomplished by funneling intermediates from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and lipid or protein catabolism. 
B)  is an example of biosynthesis. 
C)  is building glucose from non- sugar starting materials and can be accomplished by funneling intermediates from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and lipid or protein catabolism. 
D)  is building glucose from non- sugar starting materials and can be accomplished by funneling intermediates from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and lipid or protein catabolism and an example of biosynthesis. 
E)  is building glucose from non- sugar starting materials.

Question 5

Which statement is not true about the pentose phosphate pathway?

Accepted Answer

A)  It converts 5- carbon sugars into 3- and 6- carbon for use in glycolysis. 
B)  It can be used in part by photosynthetic cells to build glucose from carbon dioxide. 
C)  It allows cellular respiration to occur without the need for oxygen. 
D)  It diverts glucose- 6- phosphate from glycolysis to synthesize 5- carbon sugars needed for nucleotides. 
E)  It produces the coenzyme NADPH needed for anabolic pathways. 
A)  It converts 5- carbon sugars into 3- and 6- carbon for use in glycolysis. 
B)  It can be used in part by photosynthetic cells to build glucose from carbon dioxide. 
C)  It allows cellular respiration to occur without the need for oxygen. 
D)  It diverts glucose- 6- phosphate from glycolysis to synthesize 5- carbon sugars needed for nucleotides. 
E)  It produces the coenzyme NADPH needed for anabolic pathways.

Question 6

What is the relationship between the ATP- ADP cycle and catabolic and anabolic reactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Energy released from catabolic reactions is used to break ATP down to ADP. Then the energy needed for anabolic reactions is released by to recharging ADP back to ATP. 
B)  Energy released from anabolic reactions is used to recharge ADP back to ATP. Then the energy needed for catabolic reactions is released by breaking ATP down to ADP. 
C)  Catabolic reactions require energy, which is provided by anabolic reactions. ADP is recharged to ATP by energy from anabolic reactions. 
D)  Energy released from catabolic reactions is used to recharge ADP back to ATP. Then the energy needed for anabolic reactions is released by breaking ATP down to ADP. 
E)  There is no relationship between the ATP- ADP cycle and catabolic and anabolic reactions. 
A)  Energy released from catabolic reactions is used to break ATP down to ADP. Then the energy needed for anabolic reactions is released by to recharging ADP back to ATP. 
B)  Energy released from anabolic reactions is used to recharge ADP back to ATP. Then the energy needed for catabolic reactions is released by breaking ATP down to ADP. 
C)  Catabolic reactions require energy, which is provided by anabolic reactions. ADP is recharged to ATP by energy from anabolic reactions. 
D)  Energy released from catabolic reactions is used to recharge ADP back to ATP. Then the energy needed for anabolic reactions is released by breaking ATP down to ADP. 
E)  There is no relationship between the ATP- ADP cycle and catabolic and anabolic reactions.

Question 7

What are the products made during glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  4 ATP (net gain of 2) and 2 NADH 
B)  2 NADH 
C)  4 ATP (net gain of 2) 
D)  2 pyruvic acid 
E)  4 ATP (net gain of 2) and 2 NADH and 2 pyruvic acid 
A)  4 ATP (net gain of 2) and 2 NADH 
B)  2 NADH 
C)  4 ATP (net gain of 2) 
D)  2 pyruvic acid 
E)  4 ATP (net gain of 2) and 2 NADH and 2 pyruvic acid

Question 8

Consider this summarized chemical reaction for aerobic cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 38 ADP + 38 PO32- - 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP What would be different in a summarized chemical reaction for anaerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  The oxygen would be replaced by a different inorganic compound. 
B)  The numbers of ADP, PO32- , and ATP used / generated would be different. 
C)  The water would be replaced by a different reduced product. 
D)  The numbers of ADP, PO32- , and ATP used / generated would be different and the oxygen would be replaced by a different inorganic compound and the water would be replaced by a different reduced product. 
E)  The oxygen would be replaced by a different inorganic compound and the water would be replaced by a different reduced product. 
A)  The oxygen would be replaced by a different inorganic compound. 
B)  The numbers of ADP, PO32- , and ATP used / generated would be different. 
C)  The water would be replaced by a different reduced product. 
D)  The numbers of ADP, PO32- , and ATP used / generated would be different and the oxygen would be replaced by a different inorganic compound and the water would be replaced by a different reduced product. 
E)  The oxygen would be replaced by a different inorganic compound and the water would be replaced by a different reduced product.

Question 9

Refer to the numbered steps in the figure when answering the question. Two carbons in the form of acetyl- CoA enter the Krebs cycle by joining with oxaloacetic acid, a 4- carbon molecule. During which step does carbon leave the Krebs cycle in the form of CO2?

Accepted Answer

A)  step 1 
B)  step 3 
C)  step 4 
D)  step 1 and step 3 and step 4 
E)  step 3 and step 4 
A)  step 1 
B)  step 3 
C)  step 4 
D)  step 1 and step 3 and step 4 
E)  step 3 and step 4

Question 10

Of the following fermentation pathways, which can be carried out by human muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  lactic acid: heterolactic 
B)  alcoholic 
C)  mixed acid 
D)  lactic acid: homolactic 
E)  butanediol 
A)  lactic acid: heterolactic 
B)  alcoholic 
C)  mixed acid 
D)  lactic acid: homolactic 
E)  butanediol

Question 11

Catabolic reactions are hydrolytic and exergonic while anabolic reactions are biosynthetic and endergonic.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Which phosphorylation mechanism for recharging ADP to ATP is incorrectly matched with its description?

Accepted Answer

A)  Photophosphorylation: Passes electrons energized by solar energy through an electron transport chain 
B)  Substrate- level phosphorylation: A phosphate is transferred to ADP from a high- energy substrate after passing through an electron transport chain. 
C)  Oxidative Phosphorylation: Passes electrons stripped from nutrients through an electron transport chain 
D)  The descriptions for oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation are incorrectly matched. 
E)  The descriptions for oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation, and substrate- level phosphorylation are incorrectly matched. 
A)  Photophosphorylation: Passes electrons energized by solar energy through an electron transport chain 
B)  Substrate- level phosphorylation: A phosphate is transferred to ADP from a high- energy substrate after passing through an electron transport chain. 
C)  Oxidative Phosphorylation: Passes electrons stripped from nutrients through an electron transport chain 
D)  The descriptions for oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation are incorrectly matched. 
E)  The descriptions for oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation, and substrate- level phosphorylation are incorrectly matched.

Question 13

When electrons are removed from nutrients via an oxidation reaction, the coupled reduction reaction may be

Accepted Answer

A)  NADH - NAD+. 
B)  NAD+ - NADH. 
C)  FAD - FADH2. 
D)  either FAD - FADH2 or NAD+ - NADH. 
E)  either NAD+ - NADH or NADH - NAD+. 
A)  NADH - NAD+. 
B)  NAD+ - NADH. 
C)  FAD - FADH2. 
D)  either FAD - FADH2 or NAD+ - NADH. 
E)  either NAD+ - NADH or NADH - NAD+.

Question 14

Describe how organisms can be classified in terms of their nutritional pattern. Specifically categorize organisms in terms of how they obtain organic carbon, the source of electrons for their redox reactions, and the source of energy to make ATP. Finally, use correct terminology to combine these categories to organize the types of organisms by their metabolic strategies.

Accepted Answer

Organisms can either "fix" inorganic car

Question 15

Which of the following does not describe cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  involves a transfer of energy into the bonds of ATP 
B)  occurs in part in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells 
C)  may include multiple pathways including glycolysis, an intermediate step, the Krebs cycle and fermentation 
D)  collection of reactions that extract energy from food using redox reactions 
E)  may occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 
A)  involves a transfer of energy into the bonds of ATP 
B)  occurs in part in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells 
C)  may include multiple pathways including glycolysis, an intermediate step, the Krebs cycle and fermentation 
D)  collection of reactions that extract energy from food using redox reactions 
E)  may occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Question 16

Sequence the following events as they occur at the electron transport chain. I. Protons accumulate on one side of the membrane to form a proton motive force.
II) The coenzymes NADH and FADH2 drop off electrons to the carriers in the respiratory chain.
III) Protons flow through ATP synthase which captures the energy of the flowing protons and uses it to recharge ATP.
IV) Electrons moving through the chain release energy to pump proteins across the membrane where the carrier proteins are found.

Accepted Answer

A)  I - III - IV - II 
B)  I - II - III - IV 
C)  III - II - IV - I 
D)  II - IV - I - III 
E)  II - I - IV - III 
A)  I - III - IV - II 
B)  I - II - III - IV 
C)  III - II - IV - I 
D)  II - IV - I - III 
E)  II - I - IV - III

Question 17

Which of the following statements correctly describes what happens during chemiosmosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Protons are added directly to ADP to recharge it to ATP. 
B)  Protons flow through the ATP synthase enzyme from the side of the membrane where they are lower in concentration to the side where they are higher in concentration. 
C)  The purpose is to generate water from oxygen. 
D)  Only electrons from the reduced carrier NADH are deliver to the electron transport chain; the reduce carrier FADH2 takes its electrons elsewhere. 
E)  The energy of protons flowing through the ATP synthase enzyme powers the recharge of ADP to ATP. 
A)  Protons are added directly to ADP to recharge it to ATP. 
B)  Protons flow through the ATP synthase enzyme from the side of the membrane where they are lower in concentration to the side where they are higher in concentration. 
C)  The purpose is to generate water from oxygen. 
D)  Only electrons from the reduced carrier NADH are deliver to the electron transport chain; the reduce carrier FADH2 takes its electrons elsewhere. 
E)  The energy of protons flowing through the ATP synthase enzyme powers the recharge of ADP to ATP.

Question 18

What is the advantage of a rapid identification tool such as the API system?

Accepted Answer

A)  allows a high volume of samples to be processed quickly and reliably and can often be read using an automated reader 
B)  allows a high volume of samples to be processed quickly and reliably and can be inoculated with a mixed or unpurified culture 
C)  allows a high volume of samples to be processed quickly and reliably 
D)  can be inoculated with a mixed or unpurified culture 
E)  can often be read using an automated reader 
A)  allows a high volume of samples to be processed quickly and reliably and can often be read using an automated reader 
B)  allows a high volume of samples to be processed quickly and reliably and can be inoculated with a mixed or unpurified culture 
C)  allows a high volume of samples to be processed quickly and reliably 
D)  can be inoculated with a mixed or unpurified culture 
E)  can often be read using an automated reader

Question 19

Enzymes can lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction by

Accepted Answer

A)  raising the temperature so that reactants collide more forcefully. 
B)  properly positioning reactants and stabilizing the transition state. 
C)  properly positioning reactants and raising the temperature so that reactants collide more forcefully. 
D)  stabilizing the transition state. 
E)  properly positioning reactants. 
A)  raising the temperature so that reactants collide more forcefully. 
B)  properly positioning reactants and stabilizing the transition state. 
C)  properly positioning reactants and raising the temperature so that reactants collide more forcefully. 
D)  stabilizing the transition state. 
E)  properly positioning reactants.

Question 20

The term includes both the chemical reactions that organisms use to break down substances to release energy, as well as the reactions that use released energy to build new substances.

Accepted Answer

A)  oxidation- reduction 
B)  metabolism 
C)  catabolism 
D)  biosynthesis 
E)  anabolism 
A)  oxidation- reduction 
B)  metabolism 
C)  catabolism 
D)  biosynthesis 
E)  anabolism

Usually, a single biochemical test is all that is needed to identify an unknown microbial sample.

One of the ways that cells balance anabolism and catabolism is to

A bacterial culture which is growing under conditions that only allow for fermentation will grow at the same rate as a culture of the same species growing under conditions which allow for aerobic cellular respiration, all other conditions being identical.

Gluconeogenesis

Which statement is not true about the pentose phosphate pathway?

What is the relationship between the ATP- ADP cycle and catabolic and anabolic reactions?

What are the products made during glycolysis?

Consider this summarized chemical reaction for aerobic cellular respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ + 38 ADP + 38 PO₃^2- - 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + 38 ATP What would be different in a summarized chemical reaction for anaerobic cellular respiration?

Refer to the numbered steps in the figure when answering the question. Two carbons in the form of acetyl- CoA enter the Krebs cycle by joining with oxaloacetic acid, a 4- carbon molecule. During which step does carbon leave the Krebs cycle in the form of CO₂?

Of the following fermentation pathways, which can be carried out by human muscle cells?

Catabolic reactions are hydrolytic and exergonic while anabolic reactions are biosynthetic and endergonic.

Which phosphorylation mechanism for recharging ADP to ATP is incorrectly matched with its description?

When electrons are removed from nutrients via an oxidation reaction, the coupled reduction reaction may be

Which of the following does not describe cellular respiration?

Which of the following statements correctly describes what happens during chemiosmosis?

What is the advantage of a rapid identification tool such as the API system?

Enzymes can lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction by

The term includes both the chemical reactions that organisms use to break down substances to release energy, as well as the reactions that use released energy to build new substances.

Introduction to Microbiology

Biochemistry Basics

Introduction to Prokaryotic Cells

Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells

Genetics

Viruses and Prions

Fundamentals of Microbial Growth

Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology

Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Immune System Disorders

Vaccines and Biotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Antimicrobial Drugs

Respiratory System Infections

Skin and Eye Infections

Nervous System Infections

Digestive System Infections

Urinary and Reproductive System Infections

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Infections

Filters

Exam 8: Microbial Metabolism

Usually, a single biochemical test is all that is needed to identify an unknown microbial sample.

One of the ways that cells balance anabolism and catabolism is to

A bacterial culture which is growing under conditions that only allow for fermentation will grow at the same rate as a culture of the same species growing under conditions which allow for aerobic cellular respiration, all other conditions being identical.

Gluconeogenesis

Which statement is not true about the pentose phosphate pathway?

What is the relationship between the ATP- ADP cycle and catabolic and anabolic reactions?

What are the products made during glycolysis?

Consider this summarized chemical reaction for aerobic cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 38 ADP + 38 PO32- - 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP What would be different in a summarized chemical reaction for anaerobic cellular respiration?

Refer to the numbered steps in the figure when answering the question. Two carbons in the form of acetyl- CoA enter the Krebs cycle by joining with oxaloacetic acid, a 4- carbon molecule. During which step does carbon leave the Krebs cycle in the form of CO2?

Of the following fermentation pathways, which can be carried out by human muscle cells?

Catabolic reactions are hydrolytic and exergonic while anabolic reactions are biosynthetic and endergonic.

Which phosphorylation mechanism for recharging ADP to ATP is incorrectly matched with its description?

When electrons are removed from nutrients via an oxidation reaction, the coupled reduction reaction may be

Which of the following does not describe cellular respiration?

Which of the following statements correctly describes what happens during chemiosmosis?

What is the advantage of a rapid identification tool such as the API system?

Enzymes can lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction by

The term includes both the chemical reactions that organisms use to break down substances to release energy, as well as the reactions that use released energy to build new substances.

Introduction to Microbiology

Biochemistry Basics

Introduction to Prokaryotic Cells

Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells

Genetics

Viruses and Prions

Fundamentals of Microbial Growth

Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology

Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Immune System Disorders

Vaccines and Biotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Antimicrobial Drugs

Respiratory System Infections

Skin and Eye Infections

Nervous System Infections

Digestive System Infections

Urinary and Reproductive System Infections

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Infections

Filters

Consider this summarized chemical reaction for aerobic cellular respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ + 38 ADP + 38 PO₃^2- - 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + 38 ATP What would be different in a summarized chemical reaction for anaerobic cellular respiration?

Refer to the numbered steps in the figure when answering the question. Two carbons in the form of acetyl- CoA enter the Krebs cycle by joining with oxaloacetic acid, a 4- carbon molecule. During which step does carbon leave the Krebs cycle in the form of CO₂?