Question 1

Contrast endemic and ubiquitous fungal infection, and describe two examples of each type.

Accepted Answer

Fungi termed endemic have specific climate and soil condition needed for their growth and are restricted to specific geographic areas. These infections may impact any person who inhales fungal spores.
Ubiquitous fungi are widely distributed ecologically and geographically, and may even be members of the normal human microbiome. Ubiquitous fungal infections are also acquired when fungal spores are inhaled, but are generally a danger only to immunocompromised patients.
Specific endemic fungal infections include blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis. Blasto (Blastomyces dematitidis) is found in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, the Great Lakes and the St.
Lawrence seaway regions. The fungus thrives in soils with decomposing plant matter and become airborne by digging, wood clearing, or construction. Treatment is available, but the infection has a 40% mortality rate in immunocompromised patients. Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii) is also called Valley fever and is found in the semi- arid and dry areas of the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and Central and South America. In the lungs, the fungi form multinucleated structures called spherules which contain fungal endospores. When the spherules rupture, the endospores are released and cause lung damage. Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum) thrives in soil enriched with bird or bat droppings. The fungus is global but concentrated in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. Workers who are exposed to droppings are at greatest risk for infection, and
immunocompromised patients are mostly likely to develop the disseminated, systemic form of the disease Three common ubiquitous fungal infections include aspergillosis, murcomycosis, and pneumocystis pneu (PCP). Most people are exposed to aspergillus spores (Aspergillus fumigatus) on a routine basis; organ transplant patients and chemotherapy or corticosteroid recipients are most at risk to develop invasive disease, of which pulmonary and rhinocerebral are the most common forms. Murcomycosis (Rhizopus arrhizus) is found in soil enriched with rotting wood material. Invasive forms also include pulmonary
and rhinocerebral disease. PCP (Pneumocystis jirovecii) is found in AIDS patients and others who are severely immunosuppressed. This fungus is not found in soil but probably is spread by asymptomatic human carriers. Preventative and treatment medications are available; untreated cases have a 100% fatality rate while treatment lowers mortality to 40%

Question 2

A fungal species which can grow in varied climates and under diverse conditions is termed

Accepted Answer

A)  normal. 
B)  mycosis. 
C)  endemic. 
D)  ubiquitous. 
E)  microbiotic. 
A)  normal. 
B)  mycosis. 
C)  endemic. 
D)  ubiquitous. 
E)  microbiotic. D

Question 3

A contributing factor to the spread of the SARS virus during the initial 2003 outbreak was

Accepted Answer

A)  global air travel. 
B)  transmission of the virus in healthcare settings. 
C)  high smoking rates in Asia. 
D)  air pollution in crowded urban environments. 
E)  similarity to 1918 influenza outbreak. 
A)  global air travel. 
B)  transmission of the virus in healthcare settings. 
C)  high smoking rates in Asia. 
D)  air pollution in crowded urban environments. 
E)  similarity to 1918 influenza outbreak. A

Question 4

Infection in the respiratory tract is limited by all except

Accepted Answer

A)  coughing to bring microbes away from the lungs. 
B)  resident microbiota. 
C)  alveolar macrophage. 
D)  the epiglottis sealing the airway during swallowing. 
E)  ciliated mucous membranes. 
A)  coughing to bring microbes away from the lungs. 
B)  resident microbiota. 
C)  alveolar macrophage. 
D)  the epiglottis sealing the airway during swallowing. 
E)  ciliated mucous membranes.

Question 5

This disease is caused by strains of Streptococcus pyogenes which produce an erythrogenic toxin due to the presence of a lysogenized bacteriophage.

Accepted Answer

A)  scarlet fever 
B)  rheumatic fever 
C)  streptococcal pharyngitis 
D)  bacterial pneumonia 
E)  necrotizing fasciitis 
A)  scarlet fever 
B)  rheumatic fever 
C)  streptococcal pharyngitis 
D)  bacterial pneumonia 
E)  necrotizing fasciitis

Question 6

Describe the progression of infection in latent vs. active tuberculosis along with diagnostic criteria and treatment options.

Accepted Answer

Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly communicab

Question 7

A diagnostic sign of typical pneumonia is consolidation which

Accepted Answer

A)  is fluid rather than air in the alveoli. 
B)  is a granuloma walling off infected phagocytes in the lungs and appears as a clear region on a chest X- ray. 
C)  appears as a clear region on a chest X- ray. 
D)  is fluid rather than air in the alveoli and appears as a clear region on a chest X- ray. 
E)  is a granuloma walling off infected phagocytes in the lungs. 
A)  is fluid rather than air in the alveoli. 
B)  is a granuloma walling off infected phagocytes in the lungs and appears as a clear region on a chest X- ray. 
C)  appears as a clear region on a chest X- ray. 
D)  is fluid rather than air in the alveoli and appears as a clear region on a chest X- ray. 
E)  is a granuloma walling off infected phagocytes in the lungs.

Question 8

Pneumonia is

Accepted Answer

A)  shortness of breath. 
B)  inflammation of the alveoli which interferes with gas exchange. 
C)  rapid swelling of the airway that can block breathing. 
D)  inflammation of the entire lower respiratory tract except the lungs. 
E)  wheezing or loud breathing associated with airway obstruction. 
A)  shortness of breath. 
B)  inflammation of the alveoli which interferes with gas exchange. 
C)  rapid swelling of the airway that can block breathing. 
D)  inflammation of the entire lower respiratory tract except the lungs. 
E)  wheezing or loud breathing associated with airway obstruction.

Question 9

The most common cause of atypical pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, has all the following characteristics except

Accepted Answer

A)  no cell wall. 
B)  a parasitic lifestyle inside host cells. 
C)  one of the smallest self- replicating organisms known. 
D)  contains more genes than most other bacteria. 
E)  difficult to see with a standard light microscope. 
A)  no cell wall. 
B)  a parasitic lifestyle inside host cells. 
C)  one of the smallest self- replicating organisms known. 
D)  contains more genes than most other bacteria. 
E)  difficult to see with a standard light microscope.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a factor in increased incidence of fungal infections?

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing number of people living with immunosuppression 
B)  increasing antibiotic resistance 
C)  urban development 
D)  climate change 
E)  deforestation 
A)  increasing number of people living with immunosuppression 
B)  increasing antibiotic resistance 
C)  urban development 
D)  climate change 
E)  deforestation

Question 11

The demographic most at risk from respiratory syncytial virus are

Accepted Answer

A)  the elderly. 
B)  pet owners. 
C)  immunocompromised individuals. 
D)  young children. 
E)  smokers. 
A)  the elderly. 
B)  pet owners. 
C)  immunocompromised individuals. 
D)  young children. 
E)  smokers.

Question 12

Which component of the lower respiratory tract is incorrectly matched with a function or description?

Accepted Answer

A)  lungs: contain the alveolar sacs 
B)  bronchi: direct air to the lungs 
C)  alveoli: site of gas exchange 
D)  larynx: contains the mucociliary escalator 
E)  bronchioles: have ciliated mucous membranes 
A)  lungs: contain the alveolar sacs 
B)  bronchi: direct air to the lungs 
C)  alveoli: site of gas exchange 
D)  larynx: contains the mucociliary escalator 
E)  bronchioles: have ciliated mucous membranes

Question 13

Although each of the following viral groups causes acute respiratory illnesses, can also be associated with conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, or cystitis.

Accepted Answer

A)  influenzas virus 
B)  human parainfluenza virus 
C)  respiratory syncytial virus 
D)  coronavirus 
E)  adenovirus 
A)  influenzas virus 
B)  human parainfluenza virus 
C)  respiratory syncytial virus 
D)  coronavirus 
E)  adenovirus

Question 14

An unusual feature of the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic is that

Accepted Answer

A)  victims had unusually poor immune responses to the virus. 
B)  most fatalities were among young adults, and victims had unusually poor immune responses to the virus. 
C)  most fatalities were among young adults, rather than infants or the elderly. 
D)  it originated in Europe, most fatalities were among young adults, and victims had unusually poor immune responses. 
E)  it originated in Europe, rather than Asia as most influenza strains do. 
A)  victims had unusually poor immune responses to the virus. 
B)  most fatalities were among young adults, and victims had unusually poor immune responses to the virus. 
C)  most fatalities were among young adults, rather than infants or the elderly. 
D)  it originated in Europe, most fatalities were among young adults, and victims had unusually poor immune responses. 
E)  it originated in Europe, rather than Asia as most influenza strains do.

Question 15

A child with no known congenital problems is diagnosed with inflammation of the heart valves. The medical history of the child is unremarkable except for a sore throat and fever six weeks prior, which the parents attributed to a common cold. The heart valve inflammation is most likely due to

Accepted Answer

A)  autoimmune complications of Streptococcus pyogenes. 
B)  Corynebacterium diphtheriae. 
C)  Bordetella pertussis. 
D)  tuberculosis. 
E)  atypical pneumonia. 
A)  autoimmune complications of Streptococcus pyogenes. 
B)  Corynebacterium diphtheriae. 
C)  Bordetella pertussis. 
D)  tuberculosis. 
E)  atypical pneumonia.

Question 16

A two- year- old child presents to a pediatric practice with a barking cough and loud wheezing. The parent is alarmed and insists on antibiotics. What is the likely diagnosis, and are antibiotics appropriate?

Accepted Answer

A)  croup / no, most cases are viral 
B)  epiglottitis / yes, this is a life- threatening bacterial infection 
C)  allergies / no, allergies are caused by irritants and are not infections 
D)  sinusitis / no, most cases are due to viral infections or irritants 
E)  pneumonia / yes, this can be a life- threatening condition and is often bacterial 
A)  croup / no, most cases are viral 
B)  epiglottitis / yes, this is a life- threatening bacterial infection 
C)  allergies / no, allergies are caused by irritants and are not infections 
D)  sinusitis / no, most cases are due to viral infections or irritants 
E)  pneumonia / yes, this can be a life- threatening condition and is often bacterial

Question 17

Influenza A strains are characterized by

Accepted Answer

A)  whether or not humans are infected. 
B)  the type of HA and NA spikes found on the viral surface. 
C)  the type of animal in which the strain originated. 
D)  the country in which the strain originated. 
E)  whether the virus contains DNA or RNA. 
A)  whether or not humans are infected. 
B)  the type of HA and NA spikes found on the viral surface. 
C)  the type of animal in which the strain originated. 
D)  the country in which the strain originated. 
E)  whether the virus contains DNA or RNA.

Question 18

A 21- year- old male is admitted to the hospital in severe respiratory distress. Despite care, he died of rapid pulmonary edema within 12 hours of admission. Family members report that he had recently started work at a nearby state park. He was on a detail to clean out and renovate a group of rodent- infested rental cabins. Based on the information, what is the likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  influenza H1N1 
B)  hanta pulmonary syndrome 
C)  respiratory syncytial virus 
D)  SARS 
E)  human parainfluenza virus infection 
A)  influenza H1N1 
B)  hanta pulmonary syndrome 
C)  respiratory syncytial virus 
D)  SARS 
E)  human parainfluenza virus infection

Question 19

Histoplasmosis should be suspected in cases of fungal respiratory infections found in

Accepted Answer

A)  construction workers. 
B)  dog owners. 
C)  the Mississippi and Ohio River valley regions. 
D)  cattle or dairy farm workers. 
E)  HIV- AIDS patients. 
A)  construction workers. 
B)  dog owners. 
C)  the Mississippi and Ohio River valley regions. 
D)  cattle or dairy farm workers. 
E)  HIV- AIDS patients.

Question 20

Pertussis is characterized by

Accepted Answer

A)  severe coughing attacks where the patient struggles to catch their breath. 
B)  a high fever with a bright red rash across the body. 
C)  a positive tuberculin skin test. 
D)  high prevalence among those who handle birds. 
E)  a pneumonia- like infection acquired from air conditioning or water systems. 
A)  severe coughing attacks where the patient struggles to catch their breath. 
B)  a high fever with a bright red rash across the body. 
C)  a positive tuberculin skin test. 
D)  high prevalence among those who handle birds. 
E)  a pneumonia- like infection acquired from air conditioning or water systems.

Contrast endemic and ubiquitous fungal infection, and describe two examples of each type.

A fungal species which can grow in varied climates and under diverse conditions is termed

A contributing factor to the spread of the SARS virus during the initial 2003 outbreak was

Infection in the respiratory tract is limited by all except

This disease is caused by strains of Streptococcus pyogenes which produce an erythrogenic toxin due to the presence of a lysogenized bacteriophage.

Describe the progression of infection in latent vs. active tuberculosis along with diagnostic criteria and treatment options.

A diagnostic sign of typical pneumonia is consolidation which

Pneumonia is

The most common cause of atypical pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, has all the following characteristics except

Which of the following is not a factor in increased incidence of fungal infections?

The demographic most at risk from respiratory syncytial virus are

Which component of the lower respiratory tract is incorrectly matched with a function or description?

Although each of the following viral groups causes acute respiratory illnesses, can also be associated with conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, or cystitis.

An unusual feature of the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic is that

A child with no known congenital problems is diagnosed with inflammation of the heart valves. The medical history of the child is unremarkable except for a sore throat and fever six weeks prior, which the parents attributed to a common cold. The heart valve inflammation is most likely due to

A two- year- old child presents to a pediatric practice with a barking cough and loud wheezing. The parent is alarmed and insists on antibiotics. What is the likely diagnosis, and are antibiotics appropriate?

Influenza A strains are characterized by

Histoplasmosis should be suspected in cases of fungal respiratory infections found in

Pertussis is characterized by

Introduction to Microbiology

Biochemistry Basics

Introduction to Prokaryotic Cells

Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells

Genetics

Viruses and Prions

Fundamentals of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism

Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology

Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Immune System Disorders

Vaccines and Biotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Antimicrobial Drugs

Skin and Eye Infections

Nervous System Infections

Digestive System Infections

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Exam 16: Respiratory System Infections

Contrast endemic and ubiquitous fungal infection, and describe two examples of each type.

A fungal species which can grow in varied climates and under diverse conditions is termed

A contributing factor to the spread of the SARS virus during the initial 2003 outbreak was

Infection in the respiratory tract is limited by all except

This disease is caused by strains of Streptococcus pyogenes which produce an erythrogenic toxin due to the presence of a lysogenized bacteriophage.

Describe the progression of infection in latent vs. active tuberculosis along with diagnostic criteria and treatment options.

A diagnostic sign of typical pneumonia is consolidation which

Pneumonia is

The most common cause of atypical pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, has all the following characteristics except

Which of the following is not a factor in increased incidence of fungal infections?

The demographic most at risk from respiratory syncytial virus are

Which component of the lower respiratory tract is incorrectly matched with a function or description?

Although each of the following viral groups causes acute respiratory illnesses, can also be associated with conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, or cystitis.

An unusual feature of the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic is that

A child with no known congenital problems is diagnosed with inflammation of the heart valves. The medical history of the child is unremarkable except for a sore throat and fever six weeks prior, which the parents attributed to a common cold. The heart valve inflammation is most likely due to

A two- year- old child presents to a pediatric practice with a barking cough and loud wheezing. The parent is alarmed and insists on antibiotics. What is the likely diagnosis, and are antibiotics appropriate?

Influenza A strains are characterized by

Histoplasmosis should be suspected in cases of fungal respiratory infections found in

Pertussis is characterized by

Introduction to Microbiology

Biochemistry Basics

Introduction to Prokaryotic Cells

Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells

Genetics

Viruses and Prions

Fundamentals of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism

Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology

Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Immune System Disorders

Vaccines and Biotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Antimicrobial Drugs

Skin and Eye Infections

Nervous System Infections

Digestive System Infections

Urinary and Reproductive System Infections

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Infections

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