Question 1

A microbe with a low ID50 does not necessarily cause severe disease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

Criteria for assigning pathogens to a biosafety level include all the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  mode of transmission. 
B)  level of infectivity. 
C)  ability to culture the pathogen using standard laboratory media and equipment. 
D)  availability of disease prevention and/or treatment. 
E)  extent of disease and mortality rates. 
A)  mode of transmission. 
B)  level of infectivity. 
C)  ability to culture the pathogen using standard laboratory media and equipment. 
D)  availability of disease prevention and/or treatment. 
E)  extent of disease and mortality rates. C

Question 3

Which portal of exit will a bloodborne pathogen likely use?

Accepted Answer

A)  respiratory mucosa 
B)  ocular 
C)  parenteral 
D)  GI mucosa 
E)  skin 
A)  respiratory mucosa 
B)  ocular 
C)  parenteral 
D)  GI mucosa 
E)  skin C

Question 4

You are a consultant with an architectural firm designing a BSL- 3 hospital facility for patient care and diagnostic laboratory services. The facility will specialize in airborne pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Describe the characteristics of pathogens handled in a BSL- 3 facility and describe at least five features that must go into the facility design.

Accepted Answer

A BSL- 3 facility handles pathogens whic

Question 5

Which is not an example of virulence as an evolving property?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cold viruses which generate more coughs and sneezes while allowing the host to remain mobile will have an evolutionary advantage over those that cause their host to be bedridden. 
B)  As hosts evolve more effective defenses against a given pathogen, the pathogen in turn will evolve virulence factors to combat those defenses. 
C)  Historically, smallpox appeared to shift from a highly virulent pathogen which killed its victims quickly to one that did not kill immediately but more easily spread from person to person. 
D)  The 1918 influenza pandemic primarily killed young adults rather than elderly persons which is more typical of influenza both before and after that time. 
E)  Each of these is an example of virulence as an evolving property. 
A)  Cold viruses which generate more coughs and sneezes while allowing the host to remain mobile will have an evolutionary advantage over those that cause their host to be bedridden. 
B)  As hosts evolve more effective defenses against a given pathogen, the pathogen in turn will evolve virulence factors to combat those defenses. 
C)  Historically, smallpox appeared to shift from a highly virulent pathogen which killed its victims quickly to one that did not kill immediately but more easily spread from person to person. 
D)  The 1918 influenza pandemic primarily killed young adults rather than elderly persons which is more typical of influenza both before and after that time. 
E)  Each of these is an example of virulence as an evolving property.

Question 6

What is an example of a virulence factor that is related to immune system evasion?

Accepted Answer

A)  iron- binding protein 
B)  LPS in Gram- negative cell wall 
C)  fimbriae 
D)  flagella 
E)  capsule 
A)  iron- binding protein 
B)  LPS in Gram- negative cell wall 
C)  fimbriae 
D)  flagella 
E)  capsule

Question 7

Which of the following is not a way that pathogens can avoid destruction by the phagocytes of the host immune system?

Accepted Answer

A)  release toxins which kill the phagocyte 
B)  make a capsule which is toxic to the phagocyte 
C)  adapt to living inside the phagocyte 
D)  block fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome inside the phagocyte 
E)  neutralize the hydrolytic enzymes produced by the phagocyte 
A)  release toxins which kill the phagocyte 
B)  make a capsule which is toxic to the phagocyte 
C)  adapt to living inside the phagocyte 
D)  block fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome inside the phagocyte 
E)  neutralize the hydrolytic enzymes produced by the phagocyte

Question 8

Examples of healthy host- microbe interactions with our normal microbiota include all except

Accepted Answer

A)  microbiota disruption. 
B)  moderation of immune attack against microbiota species while in their normal tissues. 
C)  competition with pathogens. 
D)  vitamin manufacture. 
E)  immune system maturation. 
A)  microbiota disruption. 
B)  moderation of immune attack against microbiota species while in their normal tissues. 
C)  competition with pathogens. 
D)  vitamin manufacture. 
E)  immune system maturation.

Question 9

A pathogen will always use the same portal for both entry and exit.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Toxemia is a condition

Accepted Answer

A)  where a toxin is acting on tissues locally. 
B)  where a toxin acts as a superantigen. 
C)  where a toxin has entered the bloodstream resulting in systemic effects. 
D)  that may describe both localized and systemic effects. 
E)  where a vaccine is used to protect against a toxin. 
A)  where a toxin is acting on tissues locally. 
B)  where a toxin acts as a superantigen. 
C)  where a toxin has entered the bloodstream resulting in systemic effects. 
D)  that may describe both localized and systemic effects. 
E)  where a vaccine is used to protect against a toxin.

Question 11

Contrast pathogenicity and virulence, and describe why virulence can be considered an evolving property.

Accepted Answer

Pathogenicity is the ability of a pathog

Question 12

A potential antimicrobial drug is tested and found to strip away the capsules made by certain pathogenic bacteria. How would this drug affect the bacteria's ability to cause disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bacteria would be unable to acquire needed nutrients from the body. 
B)  The bacteria would only be able to colonize surface tissues and not penetrate more deeply. 
C)  The bacteria would be unable to survive inside the phagocyte. 
D)  The phagocytes would be better able to ingest the bacteria. 
E)  The bacteria would not be able to kill phagocytes. 
A)  The bacteria would be unable to acquire needed nutrients from the body. 
B)  The bacteria would only be able to colonize surface tissues and not penetrate more deeply. 
C)  The bacteria would be unable to survive inside the phagocyte. 
D)  The phagocytes would be better able to ingest the bacteria. 
E)  The bacteria would not be able to kill phagocytes.

Question 13

Which method of hiding from the host immune system is incorrectly matched with its description?

Accepted Answer

A)  antigen mimicry: the pathogen's antigens are similar in structure to host molecules 
B)  living intracellularly: a pathogen resides on the surface of a host cell where it is hidden by host cell surface molecules 
C)  antigen variation: the pathogen frequently switches its antigens 
D)  antigen masking: the pathogen covers itself in host factors to avoid detection of its own antigens 
E)  latency: a pathogen exists quietly inside the host cell 
A)  antigen mimicry: the pathogen's antigens are similar in structure to host molecules 
B)  living intracellularly: a pathogen resides on the surface of a host cell where it is hidden by host cell surface molecules 
C)  antigen variation: the pathogen frequently switches its antigens 
D)  antigen masking: the pathogen covers itself in host factors to avoid detection of its own antigens 
E)  latency: a pathogen exists quietly inside the host cell

Question 14

Septic shock is typically associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  exotoxins or endotoxin. 
B)  either Gram- negative or Gram- positive infections. 
C)  Gram- negative infections. 
D)  superantigens. 
E)  exotoxins. 
A)  exotoxins or endotoxin. 
B)  either Gram- negative or Gram- positive infections. 
C)  Gram- negative infections. 
D)  superantigens. 
E)  exotoxins.

Question 15

Which biosafety level is incorrectly matched with its description?

Accepted Answer

A)  BSL- 3: serious, lethal pathogens though some diseases may be treatable 
B)  BSL- 1: non- pathogens or those that rarely cause disease in healthy people 
C)  BSL- 2+: known animal pathogens which do not infect humans 
D)  BSL- 4: dangerous, lethal pathogens with no cures or treatments 
E)  BSL- 2: known pathogens but the disease is treatable or preventable 
A)  BSL- 3: serious, lethal pathogens though some diseases may be treatable 
B)  BSL- 1: non- pathogens or those that rarely cause disease in healthy people 
C)  BSL- 2+: known animal pathogens which do not infect humans 
D)  BSL- 4: dangerous, lethal pathogens with no cures or treatments 
E)  BSL- 2: known pathogens but the disease is treatable or preventable

Question 16

Properties that contribute to virulence

Accepted Answer

A)  are determined by both the microbe and the host, and are fixed and unchanging. 
B)  are determined solely by the host. 
C)  are fixed and unchanging. 
D)  are determined solely by the microbe. 
E)  are determined by both the microbe and the host, and may evolve over time. 
A)  are determined by both the microbe and the host, and are fixed and unchanging. 
B)  are determined solely by the host. 
C)  are fixed and unchanging. 
D)  are determined solely by the microbe. 
E)  are determined by both the microbe and the host, and may evolve over time.

Question 17

While a reservoir can be a source of infection, not all sources of infection are reservoirs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Members of the genus Vibrio, which includes the species which cause cholera are found in marine environments. However, most cases of cholera occur when people drink water that has been contaminated with feces from other humans with cholera. If an effective vaccine against cholera were developed so that humans would become immune to the disease, both the reservoir and the source of the cholera bacteria would be eliminated.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which type of invasin allows a pathogen to break down a blood clot that the body has generated to trap their spread?

Accepted Answer

A)  flagella 
B)  kinase 
C)  neuraminidase 
D)  collagenase 
E)  coagulase 
A)  flagella 
B)  kinase 
C)  neuraminidase 
D)  collagenase 
E)  coagulase

Question 20

ID50 describes

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of cells or virions which will kill 50 individuals. 
B)  the number of cells or virions needed to establish an infection in 50 percent of exposed hosts. 
C)  the amount of toxin lethal to a 50- pound human or other animal. 
D)  the number of cells or virions which will kill 50% of exposed hosts. 
E)  the percentage of individuals which will develop an infection after exposure to 50 cells or virions. 
A)  the number of cells or virions which will kill 50 individuals. 
B)  the number of cells or virions needed to establish an infection in 50 percent of exposed hosts. 
C)  the amount of toxin lethal to a 50- pound human or other animal. 
D)  the number of cells or virions which will kill 50% of exposed hosts. 
E)  the percentage of individuals which will develop an infection after exposure to 50 cells or virions.

A microbe with a low ID50 does not necessarily cause severe disease.

Criteria for assigning pathogens to a biosafety level include all the following except

Which portal of exit will a bloodborne pathogen likely use?

Which is not an example of virulence as an evolving property?

What is an example of a virulence factor that is related to immune system evasion?

Which of the following is not a way that pathogens can avoid destruction by the phagocytes of the host immune system?

Examples of healthy host- microbe interactions with our normal microbiota include all except

A pathogen will always use the same portal for both entry and exit.

Toxemia is a condition

Contrast pathogenicity and virulence, and describe why virulence can be considered an evolving property.

A potential antimicrobial drug is tested and found to strip away the capsules made by certain pathogenic bacteria. How would this drug affect the bacteria's ability to cause disease?

Which method of hiding from the host immune system is incorrectly matched with its description?

Septic shock is typically associated with

Which biosafety level is incorrectly matched with its description?

Properties that contribute to virulence

While a reservoir can be a source of infection, not all sources of infection are reservoirs.

Which type of invasin allows a pathogen to break down a blood clot that the body has generated to trap their spread?

ID50 describes

Introduction to Microbiology

Biochemistry Basics

Introduction to Prokaryotic Cells

Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells

Genetics

Viruses and Prions

Fundamentals of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism

Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Immune System Disorders

Vaccines and Biotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Antimicrobial Drugs

Respiratory System Infections

Skin and Eye Infections

Nervous System Infections

Digestive System Infections

Urinary and Reproductive System Infections

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Infections

Filters

Exam 10: Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenesis

A microbe with a low ID50 does not necessarily cause severe disease.

Criteria for assigning pathogens to a biosafety level include all the following except

Which portal of exit will a bloodborne pathogen likely use?

Which is not an example of virulence as an evolving property?

What is an example of a virulence factor that is related to immune system evasion?

Which of the following is not a way that pathogens can avoid destruction by the phagocytes of the host immune system?

Examples of healthy host- microbe interactions with our normal microbiota include all except

A pathogen will always use the same portal for both entry and exit.

Toxemia is a condition

Contrast pathogenicity and virulence, and describe why virulence can be considered an evolving property.

A potential antimicrobial drug is tested and found to strip away the capsules made by certain pathogenic bacteria. How would this drug affect the bacteria's ability to cause disease?

Which method of hiding from the host immune system is incorrectly matched with its description?

Septic shock is typically associated with

Which biosafety level is incorrectly matched with its description?

Properties that contribute to virulence

While a reservoir can be a source of infection, not all sources of infection are reservoirs.

Which type of invasin allows a pathogen to break down a blood clot that the body has generated to trap their spread?

ID50 describes

Introduction to Microbiology

Biochemistry Basics

Introduction to Prokaryotic Cells

Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells

Genetics

Viruses and Prions

Fundamentals of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism

Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Immune System Disorders

Vaccines and Biotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Antimicrobial Drugs

Respiratory System Infections

Skin and Eye Infections

Nervous System Infections

Digestive System Infections

Urinary and Reproductive System Infections

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Infections

Filters