Question 1

Why might broad spectrum antimicrobials be initially used when treating a patient?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are cheaper to use. 
B)  They may initially be used to protect the patient since it can take several days to make a definitive bacterial identification. 
C)  The physician has never encountered that pathogen before. 
D)  An initial round of broad spectrum antimicrobials increases the efficiency of narrow spectrum antimicrobials. 
E)  It's best to start with broad spectrum antimicrobials until patient records are available that show if the patient has any antimicrobial allergies. 
A)  They are cheaper to use. 
B)  They may initially be used to protect the patient since it can take several days to make a definitive bacterial identification. 
C)  The physician has never encountered that pathogen before. 
D)  An initial round of broad spectrum antimicrobials increases the efficiency of narrow spectrum antimicrobials. 
E)  It's best to start with broad spectrum antimicrobials until patient records are available that show if the patient has any antimicrobial allergies. B

Question 2

Which of the following would pertain to a bad antibiotic?

Accepted Answer

A)  low toxicity 
B)  narrow therapeutic index 
C)  no contraindications 
D)  no drug interactions 
E)  long half- life 
A)  low toxicity 
B)  narrow therapeutic index 
C)  no contraindications 
D)  no drug interactions 
E)  long half- life B

Question 3

Nephrotoxic antimicrobial drugs can induce liver damage and are leading agents of drug- induced liver injury.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

Why is it difficult to develop drugs that specifically target viruses and eukaryotic pathogens?

Accepted Answer

A)  The drugs often inflict collateral damage on our own cells. 
B)  The ethical concerns with testing these drugs are too great. 
C)  Viruses and eukaryotes evolve too rapidly for drugs to be effective. 
D)  Security enzymes break down these foreign drugs before they can exert their effects. 
E)  There are often duplicate metabolic pathways that pick up the slack from any disturbance caused by these drugs. 
A)  The drugs often inflict collateral damage on our own cells. 
B)  The ethical concerns with testing these drugs are too great. 
C)  Viruses and eukaryotes evolve too rapidly for drugs to be effective. 
D)  Security enzymes break down these foreign drugs before they can exert their effects. 
E)  There are often duplicate metabolic pathways that pick up the slack from any disturbance caused by these drugs.

Question 5

Although protozoan parasites develop drug resistance, it's difficult and time consuming to test them for their drug response, which means the prescribed therapy tends to use a trial- and error approach.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

A therapeutic index is a ratio between

Accepted Answer

A)  maximum safe dose versus minimum effective dose. 
B)  patient survivability versus patient allergies. 
C)  toxicity versus half- life. 
D)  patients that benefited from drug versus patients that experienced side effects. 
E)  potential patients not ruled out due to drug interactions or contraindications versus patients that experienced side effects. 
A)  maximum safe dose versus minimum effective dose. 
B)  patient survivability versus patient allergies. 
C)  toxicity versus half- life. 
D)  patients that benefited from drug versus patients that experienced side effects. 
E)  potential patients not ruled out due to drug interactions or contraindications versus patients that experienced side effects.

Question 7

Explain what ECE stands for and how it can help you to say no to a patient requesting a prescription for antibiotics.

Accepted Answer

Empathy: Make it clear to your patient t

Question 8

Which of the following drugs are not matched correctly with their uses?

Accepted Answer

A)  allyamines: systemic fungal infections like in coccidioidomycosis caused by Coccidioides immitis 
B)  azoles: athlete's foot, ringworm, and yeast infections 
C)  Flucytosine: administered in combination with amphotericin B for severe fungal infections such as Cryptococcus meningitis and systemic Candidiasis infections 
D)  polyenes: cutaneous candidiasis caused by Candida albicans or treating life- threatening systemic fungal infections 
E)  echinocandin drugs: systemic fungal infections in immune- compromised patients 
A)  allyamines: systemic fungal infections like in coccidioidomycosis caused by Coccidioides immitis 
B)  azoles: athlete's foot, ringworm, and yeast infections 
C)  Flucytosine: administered in combination with amphotericin B for severe fungal infections such as Cryptococcus meningitis and systemic Candidiasis infections 
D)  polyenes: cutaneous candidiasis caused by Candida albicans or treating life- threatening systemic fungal infections 
E)  echinocandin drugs: systemic fungal infections in immune- compromised patients

Question 9

An E- test can reveal

Accepted Answer

A)  the mechanism of action for a particular drug. 
B)  the minimum bacteriostatic concentration. 
C)  the minimum bactericidal concentration. 
D)  the minimal inhibitory concentration of a drug. 
E)  if a drug is bacteriostatic or bactericidal. 
A)  the mechanism of action for a particular drug. 
B)  the minimum bacteriostatic concentration. 
C)  the minimum bactericidal concentration. 
D)  the minimal inhibitory concentration of a drug. 
E)  if a drug is bacteriostatic or bactericidal.

Question 10

Why don't sulfa drugs target mammalian cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mammalian cells do not use folic acid and therefore do not have the enzyme that these drugs target. 
B)  Mammals make their own folic acid but use a completely different substrate to start the process and therefore sulfa drugs are unable to disrupt the process. 
C)  Mammals do not make their own folic acid and therefore do not have the enzyme that these drugs target. 
D)  Sulfa drugs do target mammalian cells but the bacteria die so quickly that the patient experiences mild symptoms but can then stop taking the medication before experiencing any serious symptoms. 
E)  Mammalian cells produce inhibitors to the sulfa drugs. 
A)  Mammalian cells do not use folic acid and therefore do not have the enzyme that these drugs target. 
B)  Mammals make their own folic acid but use a completely different substrate to start the process and therefore sulfa drugs are unable to disrupt the process. 
C)  Mammals do not make their own folic acid and therefore do not have the enzyme that these drugs target. 
D)  Sulfa drugs do target mammalian cells but the bacteria die so quickly that the patient experiences mild symptoms but can then stop taking the medication before experiencing any serious symptoms. 
E)  Mammalian cells produce inhibitors to the sulfa drugs.

Question 11

A patient with bacterial meningitis will be given a bacteriostatic antibiotic, as well as an anti- inflammatory steroid.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Which of the following is false about rifamycins?

Accepted Answer

A)  They were originally isolated from bacteria. 
B)  They are broad- spectrum antimicrobials that are effective against most Gram- positive bacteria and some Gram- negative bacteria too. 
C)  The drugs are useful to combat mycobacterial species that can be especially tough to treat due to the challenges of getting drugs across their waxy mycolic acid- enriched cell wall. 
D)  Because the chemical structure is such a good fit with RNA polymerase, it is unlikely to cause interactions with any other medications currently known. 
E)  They inhibit transcription by binding to RNA polymerase. 
A)  They were originally isolated from bacteria. 
B)  They are broad- spectrum antimicrobials that are effective against most Gram- positive bacteria and some Gram- negative bacteria too. 
C)  The drugs are useful to combat mycobacterial species that can be especially tough to treat due to the challenges of getting drugs across their waxy mycolic acid- enriched cell wall. 
D)  Because the chemical structure is such a good fit with RNA polymerase, it is unlikely to cause interactions with any other medications currently known. 
E)  They inhibit transcription by binding to RNA polymerase.

Question 13

In terms of personal health, why should vegetarians still care about the misuse of antibiotics in livestock?

Accepted Answer

A)  Manure- contaminated runoff is destroying aquatic life when this runoff gets into local waterways. 
B)  Recreational water activities become a source of infection when manure- contaminated runoff finds its way into these areas. 
C)  Food is often cross contaminated but it's better to have an easily treatable GI infection compared to an antibiotic resistant GI infection. 
D)  Manure- contaminated water and manure- based fertilizers introduce resistant bacteria into the food chain. 
E)  Livestock live happier lives without constantly eating antibiotics. 
A)  Manure- contaminated runoff is destroying aquatic life when this runoff gets into local waterways. 
B)  Recreational water activities become a source of infection when manure- contaminated runoff finds its way into these areas. 
C)  Food is often cross contaminated but it's better to have an easily treatable GI infection compared to an antibiotic resistant GI infection. 
D)  Manure- contaminated water and manure- based fertilizers introduce resistant bacteria into the food chain. 
E)  Livestock live happier lives without constantly eating antibiotics.

Question 14

How do polypeptide drugs work?

Accepted Answer

A)  They target the 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes to block protein synthesis. 
B)  They work by inhibiting transpeptidase enzymes that are central to building peptidoglycan by forming the protein crosslinks that bind peptidoglycan's carbohydrate chains together in a chain link fence- like structure. 
C)  They interact with lipopolysaccharide and destabilize the outer membrane of the Gram- negative cell wall where they can then further destabilize the plasma membrane to cause cytoplasmic leakage and cell lysis. 
D)  They target the DNA replication enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerases. 
E)  They act as competitive inhibitors of folic acid production. 
A)  They target the 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes to block protein synthesis. 
B)  They work by inhibiting transpeptidase enzymes that are central to building peptidoglycan by forming the protein crosslinks that bind peptidoglycan's carbohydrate chains together in a chain link fence- like structure. 
C)  They interact with lipopolysaccharide and destabilize the outer membrane of the Gram- negative cell wall where they can then further destabilize the plasma membrane to cause cytoplasmic leakage and cell lysis. 
D)  They target the DNA replication enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerases. 
E)  They act as competitive inhibitors of folic acid production.

Question 15

Artemisinin- based combination therapies are used to treat

Accepted Answer

A)  mild to moderate C. difficile infections that don't have complications. 
B)  severe fungal infections such as Cryptococcus meningitis and systemic Candidiasis infections. 
C)  chronic Toxoplasma gondii infections. 
D)  life- threatening multidrug resistant infections, especially those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, or Klebsiella pneumoniae. 
E)  uncomplicated and severe cases of malaria. 
A)  mild to moderate C. difficile infections that don't have complications. 
B)  severe fungal infections such as Cryptococcus meningitis and systemic Candidiasis infections. 
C)  chronic Toxoplasma gondii infections. 
D)  life- threatening multidrug resistant infections, especially those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, or Klebsiella pneumoniae. 
E)  uncomplicated and severe cases of malaria.

Question 16

Which of the following is not an approach to combat drug- resistant bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A)  find multidrug approaches 
B)  use lytic bacteriophages to specifically target pathogens 
C)  identify new antimicrobials 
D)  pair a redesigned antimicrobial with inhibitors that block bacterial- resistance mechanisms 
E)  flood a patient's system with healthy bacteria to quickly remove access to nutrients and starve the pathogen 
A)  find multidrug approaches 
B)  use lytic bacteriophages to specifically target pathogens 
C)  identify new antimicrobials 
D)  pair a redesigned antimicrobial with inhibitors that block bacterial- resistance mechanisms 
E)  flood a patient's system with healthy bacteria to quickly remove access to nutrients and starve the pathogen

Question 17

Which of the following is not a beta- lactam drug?

Accepted Answer

A)  carbapenem 
B)  monobactam 
C)  cephalosporin 
D)  quinolone 
E)  penicillin 
A)  carbapenem 
B)  monobactam 
C)  cephalosporin 
D)  quinolone 
E)  penicillin

Question 18

What is the mechanism of action for the antihelminthic drug praziquantel?

Accepted Answer

A)  interferes with glucose uptake by targeting microtubules 
B)  the mechanisms of action are unclear 
C)  blocks anaerobic energy metabolism in protozoa 
D)  paralyzes the parasites 
E)  targets nucleic acids 
A)  interferes with glucose uptake by targeting microtubules 
B)  the mechanisms of action are unclear 
C)  blocks anaerobic energy metabolism in protozoa 
D)  paralyzes the parasites 
E)  targets nucleic acids

Question 19

Which of the following does not make a good target for antiviral drugs?

Accepted Answer

A)  viral release 
B)  viral integration 
C)  viral replication and assembly 
D)  viral penetration 
E)  viral attachment 
A)  viral release 
B)  viral integration 
C)  viral replication and assembly 
D)  viral penetration 
E)  viral attachment

Question 20

Which of the following antimicrobials does not match its potential shortcomings?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phenicols: Has a narrow therapeutic index and is associated with bone marrow toxicity that results in aplastic anemia. 
B)  Macrolides: This narrow- spectrum drug must be administered parenterally. 
C)  Aminoglycosides: Are known to cause irreversible hearing loss when administered other than topically. 
D)  Lincosoamides: One common lincosoamide is associated with pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile. 
E)  Tetracyclines: Induce photosensitivity, causes detrimental effects on bones and teeth in children younger than 8 years old, and are associated with an increased risk of Clostridium difficile infection 
A)  Phenicols: Has a narrow therapeutic index and is associated with bone marrow toxicity that results in aplastic anemia. 
B)  Macrolides: This narrow- spectrum drug must be administered parenterally. 
C)  Aminoglycosides: Are known to cause irreversible hearing loss when administered other than topically. 
D)  Lincosoamides: One common lincosoamide is associated with pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile. 
E)  Tetracyclines: Induce photosensitivity, causes detrimental effects on bones and teeth in children younger than 8 years old, and are associated with an increased risk of Clostridium difficile infection

Exam 15: Antimicrobial Drugs

Why might broad spectrum antimicrobials be initially used when treating a patient?

Which of the following would pertain to a bad antibiotic?

Nephrotoxic antimicrobial drugs can induce liver damage and are leading agents of drug- induced liver injury.

Why is it difficult to develop drugs that specifically target viruses and eukaryotic pathogens?

Although protozoan parasites develop drug resistance, it's difficult and time consuming to test them for their drug response, which means the prescribed therapy tends to use a trial- and error approach.

A therapeutic index is a ratio between

Explain what ECE stands for and how it can help you to say no to a patient requesting a prescription for antibiotics.

Which of the following drugs are not matched correctly with their uses?

An E- test can reveal

Why don't sulfa drugs target mammalian cells?

A patient with bacterial meningitis will be given a bacteriostatic antibiotic, as well as an anti- inflammatory steroid.

Which of the following is false about rifamycins?

In terms of personal health, why should vegetarians still care about the misuse of antibiotics in livestock?

How do polypeptide drugs work?

Artemisinin- based combination therapies are used to treat

Which of the following is not an approach to combat drug- resistant bacteria?

Which of the following is not a beta- lactam drug?

What is the mechanism of action for the antihelminthic drug praziquantel?

Which of the following does not make a good target for antiviral drugs?

Which of the following antimicrobials does not match its potential shortcomings?

Introduction to Microbiology

Biochemistry Basics

Introduction to Prokaryotic Cells

Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells

Genetics

Viruses and Prions

Fundamentals of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism

Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology

Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Immune System Disorders

Vaccines and Biotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Respiratory System Infections

Skin and Eye Infections

Nervous System Infections

Digestive System Infections

Urinary and Reproductive System Infections

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Infections

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