Question 1

Describe the two ways humoral immunity may be acquired, and describe the active and passive forms of each.

Accepted Answer

Both active and passive forms of humoral immunity may be acquired through either natural or artificial means. Active immunity involves the patient generating their own immune response, specifically the production of memory cells and high antibody titers. Passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies made by another host to an individual. Because the individual did not generate the response themselves, the immunity only lasts as long as the antibodies remain in circulation, usually only a few days to weeks. Natural active immunity occurs when a patient contracts an infection and generates an effective immune response to that infection. Artificial active immunity is generated through vaccination. Natural passive immunity is the transfer of antibodies from a mother to her unborn child as the mother's IgG antibodies cross the placenta, or to the baby after birth through breastfeeding. This protects the baby until its own immune systems is fully functional. Artificial passive immunity involves the medical transfer of antibodies generated by the exposure of another host (person or animal) to an antigen.
Examples of this include antivenom treatment for snakebites, antitoxin treatment, or an effort to treat the victim of an otherwise incurable disease using antibodies from a survivor.

Question 2

Artificial immunity is characterized by short- lived protection immune protection because the patient is not making their own memory cells or antibodies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

Which statement does not apply to haptens?

Accepted Answer

A)  Haptens must bind to a more complex molecule to stimulate an immune response. 
B)  Haptens are also known as incomplete antigens. 
C)  Antibiotics such as penicillin are often haptens. 
D)  Haptens are generally too small to be immunogenic on their own. 
E)  Haptens are any nonpathogenic substance, rather than a microorganism, which can stimulate an immune response. 
A)  Haptens must bind to a more complex molecule to stimulate an immune response. 
B)  Haptens are also known as incomplete antigens. 
C)  Antibiotics such as penicillin are often haptens. 
D)  Haptens are generally too small to be immunogenic on their own. 
E)  Haptens are any nonpathogenic substance, rather than a microorganism, which can stimulate an immune response. E

Question 4

What is the role of MHC I in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  MHC I is found only on antigen- presenting cells and presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells. 
B)  MHC I is found only on antigen- presenting cells. 
C)  MHC I is found on all body cells except red blood cells and presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells. 
D)  MHC I presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells. 
E)  MHC I is found on all body cells except red blood cells. 
A)  MHC I is found only on antigen- presenting cells and presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells. 
B)  MHC I is found only on antigen- presenting cells. 
C)  MHC I is found on all body cells except red blood cells and presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells. 
D)  MHC I presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells. 
E)  MHC I is found on all body cells except red blood cells.

Question 5

The cellular branch of adaptive immunity

Accepted Answer

A)  is based on the activity of both T and B cells. 
B)  is organized by T cytotoxic cells and carried out by T helper cells. 
C)  does not involve a memory function. 
D)  is based on antibody production. 
E)  is organized by T helper cells and carried out by T cytotoxic cells. 
A)  is based on the activity of both T and B cells. 
B)  is organized by T cytotoxic cells and carried out by T helper cells. 
C)  does not involve a memory function. 
D)  is based on antibody production. 
E)  is organized by T helper cells and carried out by T cytotoxic cells.

Question 6

T- independent antigens

Accepted Answer

A)  are usually proteins. 
B)  are able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell. 
C)  are usually polysaccharides and able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell. 
D)  may be polysaccharides or proteins, and are not able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell. 
E)  are usually polysaccharides. 
A)  are usually proteins. 
B)  are able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell. 
C)  are usually polysaccharides and able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell. 
D)  may be polysaccharides or proteins, and are not able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell. 
E)  are usually polysaccharides.

Question 7

Isotype switching of antibodies is beneficial because some pathogens are able to alter their antigens.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Which stage of the humoral response is pictured?

Accepted Answer

A)  isotype switching 
B)  B cell proliferation 
C)  B cell differentiation 
D)  B cell activation by a T- independent antigen 
E)  B cell activation by a T- dependent antigen 
A)  isotype switching 
B)  B cell proliferation 
C)  B cell differentiation 
D)  B cell activation by a T- independent antigen 
E)  B cell activation by a T- dependent antigen

Question 9

Adaptive immune responses are specific to a particular antigen. Provide and explain 3 examples which illustrate this concept.

Accepted Answer

1) Lymphocytes will recognize antigen us

Question 10

A newly- generated T cell can recognize MHCs and is not self- reactive. What is its fate?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is signaled for destruction via apoptosis. 
B)  It will migrate to the bone marrow for screening for the ability to make antibodies against self- antigens. 
C)  It will become part of an autoimmune attack in the body's tissues at some time in the future. 
D)  It will undergo genetic shuffling to change its receptor to increase self- tolerance. 
E)  It will migrate to the lymphoid tissues to await activation by its antigen. 
A)  It is signaled for destruction via apoptosis. 
B)  It will migrate to the bone marrow for screening for the ability to make antibodies against self- antigens. 
C)  It will become part of an autoimmune attack in the body's tissues at some time in the future. 
D)  It will undergo genetic shuffling to change its receptor to increase self- tolerance. 
E)  It will migrate to the lymphoid tissues to await activation by its antigen.

Question 11

Which statement provides the best explanation of the need for self- tolerance screening of lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lymphocytes which would attack the body's own tissues are never generated. 
B)  The process which generates the vast array of diverse antigen receptors is a random process that could produce receptors which will bind to the body's own tissues. 
C)  Self- tolerance involves "self" lymphocytes which bind to and form a protective layer over all body tissues. 
D)  It is necessary to have some lymphocytes with receptors that are self- tolerant to respond to intracellular infections by viruses. 
E)  The process which generates the vast array of diverse antigen receptors is a highly- controlled process, so the generation of receptors which can bind to the body's own tissues is a rare occurrence due to a genetic mutation. 
A)  Lymphocytes which would attack the body's own tissues are never generated. 
B)  The process which generates the vast array of diverse antigen receptors is a random process that could produce receptors which will bind to the body's own tissues. 
C)  Self- tolerance involves "self" lymphocytes which bind to and form a protective layer over all body tissues. 
D)  It is necessary to have some lymphocytes with receptors that are self- tolerant to respond to intracellular infections by viruses. 
E)  The process which generates the vast array of diverse antigen receptors is a highly- controlled process, so the generation of receptors which can bind to the body's own tissues is a rare occurrence due to a genetic mutation.

Question 12

The amount of antibody present in the blood is termed the antibody .

Accepted Answer

A)  affinity 
B)  specificity 
C)  isotype 
D)  effector 
E)  titer 
A)  affinity 
B)  specificity 
C)  isotype 
D)  effector 
E)  titer

Question 13

Each antibody molecule consists of

Accepted Answer

A)  one light and one heavy protein chain. 
B)  various combinations of light and heavy protein chains. 
C)  two light and two heavy protein chains. 
D)  a "heavy" protein chain. 
E)  a "light" protein chain. 
A)  one light and one heavy protein chain. 
B)  various combinations of light and heavy protein chains. 
C)  two light and two heavy protein chains. 
D)  a "heavy" protein chain. 
E)  a "light" protein chain.

Question 14

Both the cellular and humoral branches of adaptive immunity have the goal of eliminating an identified antigen, but only the humoral branch develops a memory of the antigen so that future responses are faster.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Describe how antibodies are used to eliminate antigens.

Accepted Answer

Antibodies bind to the antigen that trig

Question 16

A substance that may trigger an immune response, if presented in the right context is termed a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  hapten. 
B)  cytokine. 
C)  antigen. 
D)  antibody. 
E)  effector. 
A)  hapten. 
B)  cytokine. 
C)  antigen. 
D)  antibody. 
E)  effector.

Question 17

What is the role of memory cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  circulate in the body at elevated levels to maintain an active attack against any possible pathogen 
B)  prevent an immune response against members of the normal microbiota 
C)  remain in the lymphoid tissue to rapidly proliferate and differentiate upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen 
D)  provide immune protection specifically for central nervous system 
E)  suppress the cellular response once the infection has passed 
A)  circulate in the body at elevated levels to maintain an active attack against any possible pathogen 
B)  prevent an immune response against members of the normal microbiota 
C)  remain in the lymphoid tissue to rapidly proliferate and differentiate upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen 
D)  provide immune protection specifically for central nervous system 
E)  suppress the cellular response once the infection has passed

Question 18

The antibody found in breastmilk and coating mucous membranes is

Accepted Answer

A)  IgA. 
B)  IgD. 
C)  IgE. 
D)  IgG. 
E)  IgM. 
A)  IgA. 
B)  IgD. 
C)  IgE. 
D)  IgG. 
E)  IgM.

Question 19

While not a hard- and- fast rule, molecules may be ranked from more immunogenic to less immunogenic. Which shows the correct ranking form more immunogenic to less immunogenic?

Accepted Answer

A)  haptens > proteins > lipids > polysaccharides 
B)  proteins > polysaccharides > lipids > haptens 
C)  polysaccharides > lipids > proteins > haptens 
D)  haptens > lipids > polysaccharides > proteins 
E)  Only haptens are less immunogenic; lipids, polysaccharides, and proteins have about equal immunogenicity. 
A)  haptens > proteins > lipids > polysaccharides 
B)  proteins > polysaccharides > lipids > haptens 
C)  polysaccharides > lipids > proteins > haptens 
D)  haptens > lipids > polysaccharides > proteins 
E)  Only haptens are less immunogenic; lipids, polysaccharides, and proteins have about equal immunogenicity.

Question 20

When "matching" a donated organ or tissue to a recipient, it is necessary that the of the donor and the recipient be as similar as possible.

Accepted Answer

A)  MHCs 
B)  T helper cells 
C)  APCs 
D)  blood type 
E)  antibodies 
A)  MHCs 
B)  T helper cells 
C)  APCs 
D)  blood type 
E)  antibodies

Exam 12: Adaptive Immunity

Describe the two ways humoral immunity may be acquired, and describe the active and passive forms of each.

Artificial immunity is characterized by short- lived protection immune protection because the patient is not making their own memory cells or antibodies.

Which statement does not apply to haptens?

What is the role of MHC I in the immune response?

The cellular branch of adaptive immunity

T- independent antigens

Isotype switching of antibodies is beneficial because some pathogens are able to alter their antigens.

Which stage of the humoral response is pictured?

Adaptive immune responses are specific to a particular antigen. Provide and explain 3 examples which illustrate this concept.

A newly- generated T cell can recognize MHCs and is not self- reactive. What is its fate?

Which statement provides the best explanation of the need for self- tolerance screening of lymphocytes?

The amount of antibody present in the blood is termed the antibody .

Each antibody molecule consists of

Both the cellular and humoral branches of adaptive immunity have the goal of eliminating an identified antigen, but only the humoral branch develops a memory of the antigen so that future responses are faster.

Describe how antibodies are used to eliminate antigens.

A substance that may trigger an immune response, if presented in the right context is termed a(n)

What is the role of memory cells?

The antibody found in breastmilk and coating mucous membranes is

While not a hard- and- fast rule, molecules may be ranked from more immunogenic to less immunogenic. Which shows the correct ranking form more immunogenic to less immunogenic?

When "matching" a donated organ or tissue to a recipient, it is necessary that the of the donor and the recipient be as similar as possible.

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