Question 1

Advantages of the interferon- gamma release assay (IGRA) over the traditional TB skin test include all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  IGRA can be used on persons who have been vaccinated against TB. 
B)  IGRAs are sensitive enough to detect early cases of TB. 
C)  IGRA only detects active TB infections. 
D)  IGRA can provide results within a day. 
E)  IGRA requires only one patient visit as opposed to two with the skin test. 
A)  IGRA can be used on persons who have been vaccinated against TB. 
B)  IGRAs are sensitive enough to detect early cases of TB. 
C)  IGRA only detects active TB infections. 
D)  IGRA can provide results within a day. 
E)  IGRA requires only one patient visit as opposed to two with the skin test. C

Question 2

A major factor in the re- emergence of vaccine- preventable diseases in the early 21st century has been

Accepted Answer

A)  microbes can develop resistance to vaccines just as they to do antibiotics. 
B)  a flawed research study incorrectly linking vaccination to autism was published in the late 1990s. 
C)  a flawed research study incorrectly linking vaccination to breast cancer was published in the late 1990s. 
D)  concerns about animal rights have led people to avoid pharmaceuticals and other products that might have been tested on animals. 
E)  fears of biological weapons after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks turned public sentiment against vaccines. 
A)  microbes can develop resistance to vaccines just as they to do antibiotics. 
B)  a flawed research study incorrectly linking vaccination to autism was published in the late 1990s. 
C)  a flawed research study incorrectly linking vaccination to breast cancer was published in the late 1990s. 
D)  concerns about animal rights have led people to avoid pharmaceuticals and other products that might have been tested on animals. 
E)  fears of biological weapons after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks turned public sentiment against vaccines. B

Question 3

A DNA vaccine involves placing genes into a plasmid and introducing the plasmid into human cells. Human cells then transcribe and translate the genes to produce antigen which immunize the recipient. What is the source of the genes being introduced?

Accepted Answer

A)  a harmless virus 
B)  a laboratory animal (such as a mouse) 
C)  a member of the patient's microbiome 
D)  a pathogen 
E)  human B or T cells 
A)  a harmless virus 
B)  a laboratory animal (such as a mouse) 
C)  a member of the patient's microbiome 
D)  a pathogen 
E)  human B or T cells D

Question 4

Immunological diagnostic tests are based on the fact that a given antibody will bind only with a specific antigen.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Herd immunity describes

Accepted Answer

A)  the protection conferred to non- immunized people when a sizable portion of the rest of the population is immunized. 
B)  the temporary immunity an infant receives from its mother during gestation and from breastfeeding. 
C)  the process of spacing out vaccinations in infants to just one per doctor's visit. 
D)  the process of immunizing animals so that people do not acquire zoonotic diseases. 
E)  the social phenomenon of vaccine refusal reinforced by internet memes and social media 
A)  the protection conferred to non- immunized people when a sizable portion of the rest of the population is immunized. 
B)  the temporary immunity an infant receives from its mother during gestation and from breastfeeding. 
C)  the process of spacing out vaccinations in infants to just one per doctor's visit. 
D)  the process of immunizing animals so that people do not acquire zoonotic diseases. 
E)  the social phenomenon of vaccine refusal reinforced by internet memes and social media

Question 6

Describe the different vaccine types, and the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Accepted Answer

Currently available vaccines are categor

Question 7

Describe the principles of ELISA and contrast the three types.

Accepted Answer

Enzyme- linked immunosorbent assays (ELI

Question 8

Vaccines are only necessary for infants and children.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

An indirect ELISA is pictured. In which step is the detector antibody added to the assay?

Accepted Answer

A)  step 1 
B)  step 2 
C)  step 3 
D)  step 4 
E)  steps 3 and 4 
A)  step 1 
B)  step 2 
C)  step 3 
D)  step 4 
E)  steps 3 and 4

Question 10

While performing an ELISA, a lab technician fails to rinse away unbound detection antibody from the wells before adding the substrate for the reporter enzyme. What is the likely outcome of this error?

Accepted Answer

A)  All wells, including controls, will indicate a negative result. 
B)  All wells, including controls, will indicate a positive result. 
C)  The test results will not be affected. 
D)  The control wells will indicate a negative result, but the wells with the test sample will indicate a positive result. 
E)  The outcome cannot be determined from this information. 
A)  All wells, including controls, will indicate a negative result. 
B)  All wells, including controls, will indicate a positive result. 
C)  The test results will not be affected. 
D)  The control wells will indicate a negative result, but the wells with the test sample will indicate a positive result. 
E)  The outcome cannot be determined from this information.

Question 11

The CRISPR- Cas9 system uses all except which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  reverse transcriptase enzyme 
B)  an enzyme to cut both strands of DNA at the target site 
C)  a guide RNA which locates the gene to be edited 
D)  prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells to be edited 
E)  replacement DNA to be inserted at the cut site 
A)  reverse transcriptase enzyme 
B)  an enzyme to cut both strands of DNA at the target site 
C)  a guide RNA which locates the gene to be edited 
D)  prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells to be edited 
E)  replacement DNA to be inserted at the cut site

Question 12

Reverse transcription PCR is used specifically to

Accepted Answer

A)  detect the presence of gene expression in a gives cell. 
B)  detect the presence of RNA viruses. 
C)  measure how many copies of a specific gene are in a sample. 
D)  replace a mutated gene with a corrected gene. 
E)  perform PCR at cooler temperatures. 
A)  detect the presence of gene expression in a gives cell. 
B)  detect the presence of RNA viruses. 
C)  measure how many copies of a specific gene are in a sample. 
D)  replace a mutated gene with a corrected gene. 
E)  perform PCR at cooler temperatures.

Question 13

A plaque reduction neutralization assay is performed with a patient serum. The presence of abundant plaques on the plate indicates that the patient is currently infected with the virus in question.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Advantages that immunological diagnostics have over biochemical testing include all except

Accepted Answer

A)  identification of both cellular and viral pathogens. 
B)  detection of an organism that has not been previously identified. 
C)  identification of organisms that cannot be cultured in the lab. 
D)  faster completion times. 
E)  identification of past exposure to a pathogen, not just a current infection. 
A)  identification of both cellular and viral pathogens. 
B)  detection of an organism that has not been previously identified. 
C)  identification of organisms that cannot be cultured in the lab. 
D)  faster completion times. 
E)  identification of past exposure to a pathogen, not just a current infection.

Question 15

Live attenuated vaccines

Accepted Answer

A)  are the closest to the actual infectious agent encountered in nature. 
B)  are the closest to the actual infectious agent encountered in nature and stimulate potent immune responses to multiple antigens on the pathogen. 
C)  require the use of an adjuvant. 
D)  stimulate potent immune responses to multiple antigens on the pathogen. 
E)  are closest to the actual infectious agent encountered in nature and require the use of an adjuvant. 
A)  are the closest to the actual infectious agent encountered in nature. 
B)  are the closest to the actual infectious agent encountered in nature and stimulate potent immune responses to multiple antigens on the pathogen. 
C)  require the use of an adjuvant. 
D)  stimulate potent immune responses to multiple antigens on the pathogen. 
E)  are closest to the actual infectious agent encountered in nature and require the use of an adjuvant.

Question 16

The CRISPR- Cas9 gene editing system so far can only be used to alter prokaryotic cells.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

A direct ELISA is most useful for detection of antigens while an indirect ELISA is used to determine if a patient has a particular type of antibody in their blood.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Recombinant DNA technologies are most often used for

Accepted Answer

A)  creating billions of copies of a target gene in a few hours, measuring expression levels of a gene in a particular cell, producing large amounts of a particular protein quickly and easily, and genetic screening of newborns for inherited diseases. 
B)  measuring expression levels of a gene in a particular cell. 
C)  creating billions of copies of a target gene in a few hours. 
D)  genetic screening of newborns for inherited diseases. 
E)  producing large amounts of a particular protein quickly and easily. 
A)  creating billions of copies of a target gene in a few hours, measuring expression levels of a gene in a particular cell, producing large amounts of a particular protein quickly and easily, and genetic screening of newborns for inherited diseases. 
B)  measuring expression levels of a gene in a particular cell. 
C)  creating billions of copies of a target gene in a few hours. 
D)  genetic screening of newborns for inherited diseases. 
E)  producing large amounts of a particular protein quickly and easily.

Question 19

The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is preferred over other methods mainly because

Accepted Answer

A)  working with the live pathogens required for PRNT is risky. 
B)  PRNT does not require working directly with a patient blood sample. 
C)  PRNT can detect low- levels of antibody. 
D)  PRNT can differentiate between closely related viruses which have similar antigens. 
E)  it is faster than most other methods. 
A)  working with the live pathogens required for PRNT is risky. 
B)  PRNT does not require working directly with a patient blood sample. 
C)  PRNT can detect low- levels of antibody. 
D)  PRNT can differentiate between closely related viruses which have similar antigens. 
E)  it is faster than most other methods.

Question 20

Which enzyme is used to generate compatible sticky ends in order to join a desired gene to a plasmid vector in recombinant DNA techniques?

Accepted Answer

A)  CRISPR- Cas9 
B)  Taq polymerase 
C)  reverse transcriptase 
D)  restriction enzymes 
E)  DNA ligase 
A)  CRISPR- Cas9 
B)  Taq polymerase 
C)  reverse transcriptase 
D)  restriction enzymes 
E)  DNA ligase

Exam 14: Vaccines and Biotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Advantages of the interferon- gamma release assay (IGRA) over the traditional TB skin test include all of the following except

A major factor in the re- emergence of vaccine- preventable diseases in the early 21st century has been

A DNA vaccine involves placing genes into a plasmid and introducing the plasmid into human cells. Human cells then transcribe and translate the genes to produce antigen which immunize the recipient. What is the source of the genes being introduced?

Immunological diagnostic tests are based on the fact that a given antibody will bind only with a specific antigen.

Herd immunity describes

Describe the different vaccine types, and the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Describe the principles of ELISA and contrast the three types.

Vaccines are only necessary for infants and children.

An indirect ELISA is pictured. In which step is the detector antibody added to the assay?

While performing an ELISA, a lab technician fails to rinse away unbound detection antibody from the wells before adding the substrate for the reporter enzyme. What is the likely outcome of this error?

The CRISPR- Cas9 system uses all except which of the following?

Reverse transcription PCR is used specifically to

A plaque reduction neutralization assay is performed with a patient serum. The presence of abundant plaques on the plate indicates that the patient is currently infected with the virus in question.

Advantages that immunological diagnostics have over biochemical testing include all except

Live attenuated vaccines

The CRISPR- Cas9 gene editing system so far can only be used to alter prokaryotic cells.

A direct ELISA is most useful for detection of antigens while an indirect ELISA is used to determine if a patient has a particular type of antibody in their blood.

Recombinant DNA technologies are most often used for

The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is preferred over other methods mainly because

Which enzyme is used to generate compatible sticky ends in order to join a desired gene to a plasmid vector in recombinant DNA techniques?

Introduction to Microbiology

Biochemistry Basics

Introduction to Prokaryotic Cells

Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells

Genetics

Viruses and Prions

Fundamentals of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism

Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology

Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Immune System Disorders

Antimicrobial Drugs

Respiratory System Infections

Skin and Eye Infections

Nervous System Infections

Digestive System Infections

Urinary and Reproductive System Infections

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