Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an example of "taking care of one's own" that Steinbock thinks is morally justified?

Accepted Answer

A)  A white supremacist establishing policies that benefit whites and harm members of other races. 
B)  A scientist conducting research that involves minimal suffering in animals for the sake of great benefit to human beings. 
C)  A Catholic charity that prioritizes feeding hungry Catholics over non-Catholics. 
D)  Feeding starving children at the expense of starving dogs. 
A)  A white supremacist establishing policies that benefit whites and harm members of other races. 
B)  A scientist conducting research that involves minimal suffering in animals for the sake of great benefit to human beings. 
C)  A Catholic charity that prioritizes feeding hungry Catholics over non-Catholics. 
D)  Feeding starving children at the expense of starving dogs.

Question 2

Marquis argues that:

Accepted Answer

A)  The wrongness of killing can be extended to fetal life since fetuses have a future like ours. 
B)  The wrongness of killing cannot be extended to fetal life since fetuses do not have a future like ours. 
C)  The wrongness of killing a fetus is based on the fact that they are persons from conception. 
D)  The wrongness of killing a fetus is based on the fact that they have a human genetic code 
A)  The wrongness of killing can be extended to fetal life since fetuses have a future like ours. 
B)  The wrongness of killing cannot be extended to fetal life since fetuses do not have a future like ours. 
C)  The wrongness of killing a fetus is based on the fact that they are persons from conception. 
D)  The wrongness of killing a fetus is based on the fact that they have a human genetic code

Question 3

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Liu is trying to answer in this paper?

Accepted Answer

A)  Is there a morally relevant distinction between racial looksism and simple looksism? 
B)  Are preferences objects of moral assessment and is racial looksism morally wrong? 
C)  What are the ways that one can change one's preferences although they seem involuntary? 
D)  Are beauty standards morally problematic and how can they be changed? 
A)  Is there a morally relevant distinction between racial looksism and simple looksism? 
B)  Are preferences objects of moral assessment and is racial looksism morally wrong? 
C)  What are the ways that one can change one's preferences although they seem involuntary? 
D)  Are beauty standards morally problematic and how can they be changed?

Question 4

Why does Krakoff discuss Erikson's theory of the eight stages of human psychological development?

Accepted Answer

A)  To argue that we need to confront our unconscious motivations if we are going to develop ways of relating to the natural world that avoid doing further damage to the environment. 
B)  To suggest that just as individuals need different virtues and ways of thinking at different stages of their lives, humans as a species need different virtues and ways of thinking at different stages of our social and technological development. 
C)  To introduce a ninth stage of human development that arises only when humans as a species gain enough power to significantly alter the entire Earth and intervene in the environment. 
D)  To contrast the development of an individual person's psychology with society's development of social, political, and economic institutions. 
A)  To argue that we need to confront our unconscious motivations if we are going to develop ways of relating to the natural world that avoid doing further damage to the environment. 
B)  To suggest that just as individuals need different virtues and ways of thinking at different stages of their lives, humans as a species need different virtues and ways of thinking at different stages of our social and technological development. 
C)  To introduce a ninth stage of human development that arises only when humans as a species gain enough power to significantly alter the entire Earth and intervene in the environment. 
D)  To contrast the development of an individual person's psychology with society's development of social, political, and economic institutions.

Question 5

Which of the following is demanded by a proper system of justice, according to van den Haag?

Accepted Answer

A)  That the innocent never be punished in error. 
B)  That the punishments inflicted deter crime. 
C)  That as many of the guilty as possible be punished. 
D)  That punishments are distributed equally among social groups. 
A)  That the innocent never be punished in error. 
B)  That the punishments inflicted deter crime. 
C)  That as many of the guilty as possible be punished. 
D)  That punishments are distributed equally among social groups.

Question 6

Estes contends that there is no sure-fire way to guarantee reciprocal consent, concern, and desire, but taking time to learn about one's partner and communicating about sex increases the chance of mutually respectful sex.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT an argument that McMahan uses to show that jus in bello cannot be independent of jus ad bellum?

Accepted Answer

A)  If the principles of jus in bello justify killing others in self-defense, they do not apply to unjust combatants. But whether a soldier is a just or unjust combatant depends on whether he or she is fighting in a just war, which depends on the principles of jus ad bellum. Therefore, whether the principles of jus in bello apply to a particular soldier depends on the principles of jus ad bellum. 
B)  It is possible for unjust combatants to perform certain actions that abide by the principles of jus in bello. But because of the nature of those actions and the principles of jus ad bellum, it is conceptually impossible for the unjust combatants' war effort to consist of nothing but those actions. Therefore, jus in bello is not independent of jus ad bellum. 
C)  The principles of jus in bello rest on the right to self-defense. This is because the principles distinguish between innocent and noninnocent people in terms of whether people pose a threat. Anyone who poses a threat may be killed; anyone who doesn't may not. Therefore, the principles of jus ad bellum are not independent of jus in bello. 
D)  The principles of jus in bello allow soldiers to harm others as long as the harm is proportionate to the good of the military objective to be achieved. But the goodness of any military objective depends on whether that objective furthers a just war effort or an unjust war effort. Therefore, the principles of jus in bello cannot be applied without knowing whether the soldiers are fighting a just or an unjust war. 
A)  If the principles of jus in bello justify killing others in self-defense, they do not apply to unjust combatants. But whether a soldier is a just or unjust combatant depends on whether he or she is fighting in a just war, which depends on the principles of jus ad bellum. Therefore, whether the principles of jus in bello apply to a particular soldier depends on the principles of jus ad bellum. 
B)  It is possible for unjust combatants to perform certain actions that abide by the principles of jus in bello. But because of the nature of those actions and the principles of jus ad bellum, it is conceptually impossible for the unjust combatants' war effort to consist of nothing but those actions. Therefore, jus in bello is not independent of jus ad bellum. 
C)  The principles of jus in bello rest on the right to self-defense. This is because the principles distinguish between innocent and noninnocent people in terms of whether people pose a threat. Anyone who poses a threat may be killed; anyone who doesn't may not. Therefore, the principles of jus ad bellum are not independent of jus in bello. 
D)  The principles of jus in bello allow soldiers to harm others as long as the harm is proportionate to the good of the military objective to be achieved. But the goodness of any military objective depends on whether that objective furthers a just war effort or an unjust war effort. Therefore, the principles of jus in bello cannot be applied without knowing whether the soldiers are fighting a just or an unjust war.

Question 8

What is the "principle of risk," according to Abbate?

Accepted Answer

A)  The principle that commanders must choose the least risky way to achieve a military objective. 
B)  The principle that the risks soldiers assume to protect civilians should be inversely proportionate to the importance of the military objective they are trying to achieve. 
C)  The principle that soldiers have an obligation to assume certain additional risks to avoid killing or injuring civilians. 
D)  The principle that soldiers have an obligation to assume extra risks to avoid collateral casualties among protected civilians. 
A)  The principle that commanders must choose the least risky way to achieve a military objective. 
B)  The principle that the risks soldiers assume to protect civilians should be inversely proportionate to the importance of the military objective they are trying to achieve. 
C)  The principle that soldiers have an obligation to assume certain additional risks to avoid killing or injuring civilians. 
D)  The principle that soldiers have an obligation to assume extra risks to avoid collateral casualties among protected civilians.

Question 9

Rachels argues that an important distinction between active and passive euthanasia lies in the fact that in cases of passive euthanasia, the doctor can be truly said to have done nothing to assist in the patient's death.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Why does Collins discuss the example of the boy who carries a rock around with him?

Accepted Answer

A)  She is arguing against the idea that people can care for things that don't have any needs or interests. 
B)  She is arguing that it requires a certain amount of maturity and understanding to be able to recognize others' needs and interests. 
C)  She is trying to show that someone counts as caring for something as long as they are trying to do what they believe is in the thing's interests. 
D)  She is responding to the objection that it is possible to care for things other than persons. 
A)  She is arguing against the idea that people can care for things that don't have any needs or interests. 
B)  She is arguing that it requires a certain amount of maturity and understanding to be able to recognize others' needs and interests. 
C)  She is trying to show that someone counts as caring for something as long as they are trying to do what they believe is in the thing's interests. 
D)  She is responding to the objection that it is possible to care for things other than persons.

Question 11

What, according to Rachels, is the principal reason that active euthanasia might be preferable in certain cases to passive euthanasia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Being allowed to die can be a relatively slow and painful process, whereas someone may be humanely killed quickly and relatively painlessly. 
B)  Mere cessation of treatment may give the patient and/or his or her family implausible hope of recovery prior to the patient's ultimate death. 
C)  Passive euthanasia may be much more costly than active euthanasia since the patient may linger for days before his or her death. 
D)  Doctors are more likely to be confident that all treatment options have been exhausted before agreeing to actively euthanize a patient. 
A)  Being allowed to die can be a relatively slow and painful process, whereas someone may be humanely killed quickly and relatively painlessly. 
B)  Mere cessation of treatment may give the patient and/or his or her family implausible hope of recovery prior to the patient's ultimate death. 
C)  Passive euthanasia may be much more costly than active euthanasia since the patient may linger for days before his or her death. 
D)  Doctors are more likely to be confident that all treatment options have been exhausted before agreeing to actively euthanize a patient.

Question 12

What question is Broome trying to answer in his essay on "Private Morality and Climate Change?"

Accepted Answer

A)  Is it morally permissible to fly to distant places for vacation? 
B)  What should governments do about climate change? 
C)  What is the most effective way to combat climate change? 
D)  What duties of justice do individuals have with respect to climate change? 
A)  Is it morally permissible to fly to distant places for vacation? 
B)  What should governments do about climate change? 
C)  What is the most effective way to combat climate change? 
D)  What duties of justice do individuals have with respect to climate change?

Question 13

According to Shue, a weakness of ticking bomb thought experiments is that they implausibly presume we are certain of both the imminence of a terrorist act and the guilt of the torture suspect.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which of the following would NOT count as a project that offsets greenhouse gas emissions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Installing renewable energy sources, such as solar panels, in a village in India that currently has no electricity. 
B)  Providing energy-efficient, electric cooking stoves to people who currently cook in wood-burning stoves. 
C)  Planting a large number of trees in a forest set aside for conservation. 
D)  Digging wells to ensure that people have easy access to clean drinking water. 
A)  Installing renewable energy sources, such as solar panels, in a village in India that currently has no electricity. 
B)  Providing energy-efficient, electric cooking stoves to people who currently cook in wood-burning stoves. 
C)  Planting a large number of trees in a forest set aside for conservation. 
D)  Digging wells to ensure that people have easy access to clean drinking water.

Question 15

Which of the following best captures Marquis's main argument for the claim that the vast majority of abortions are morally wrong?

Accepted Answer

A)  Killing a fetus deprives it of a future like ours, which is wrong. 
B)  Killing a fetus involves killing a person, which is wrong. 
C)  Killing a fetus involves killing a living thing, which is wrong. 
D)  Killing a fetus deprives it of desire satisfaction and discontinues its experience. 
A)  Killing a fetus deprives it of a future like ours, which is wrong. 
B)  Killing a fetus involves killing a person, which is wrong. 
C)  Killing a fetus involves killing a living thing, which is wrong. 
D)  Killing a fetus deprives it of desire satisfaction and discontinues its experience.

Question 16

How does Mill respond to the objection that pleasure and pain cannot be the only things desirable as an end because people sometimes sacrifice their own pleasure or endure great pain to achieve some other goal?

Accepted Answer

A)  By pointing out that some people are confused about which things are desirable as an end. 
B)  By insisting that such people are acting under religious delusions. 
C)  By denying that such sacrifices are motivated by rational thought. 
D)  By arguing that any such sacrifice is to promote someone else's pleasure or spare someone else pain. 
A)  By pointing out that some people are confused about which things are desirable as an end. 
B)  By insisting that such people are acting under religious delusions. 
C)  By denying that such sacrifices are motivated by rational thought. 
D)  By arguing that any such sacrifice is to promote someone else's pleasure or spare someone else pain.

Question 17

How does Akan ethics envision the ideal person?

Accepted Answer

A)  As someone who, motivated for concern for others, provides a good livelihood for himself or herself and his or her kin and contributes to society at large. 
B)  As someone who provides as much for his or her kin as possible, even at the expense of nonrelatives. 
C)  As someone who exhibits the virtues of sociality, harmony, loyalty, and courage, especially in warfare. 
D)  As someone who achieves independence and is therefore able to help those who are still dependent on others. 
A)  As someone who, motivated for concern for others, provides a good livelihood for himself or herself and his or her kin and contributes to society at large. 
B)  As someone who provides as much for his or her kin as possible, even at the expense of nonrelatives. 
C)  As someone who exhibits the virtues of sociality, harmony, loyalty, and courage, especially in warfare. 
D)  As someone who achieves independence and is therefore able to help those who are still dependent on others.

Question 18

According to Gay-Williams, the practical effects of euthanasia on doctors and nurses are ultimately not relevant to the morality of euthanasia.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

McMahan argues against the traditional claim that soldiers are obligated to distinguish between legitimate targets and illegitimate targets.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

In your own words, explain the difference between hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives. How are these different kinds of imperatives related to the moral law?

Accepted Answer

Hypothetical imperatives are commands or

Which of the following is NOT an example of "taking care of one's own" that Steinbock thinks is morally justified?

Marquis argues that:

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Liu is trying to answer in this paper?

Why does Krakoff discuss Erikson's theory of the eight stages of human psychological development?

Which of the following is demanded by a proper system of justice, according to van den Haag?

Estes contends that there is no sure-fire way to guarantee reciprocal consent, concern, and desire, but taking time to learn about one's partner and communicating about sex increases the chance of mutually respectful sex.

Which of the following is NOT an argument that McMahan uses to show that jus in bello cannot be independent of jus ad bellum?

What is the "principle of risk," according to Abbate?

Rachels argues that an important distinction between active and passive euthanasia lies in the fact that in cases of passive euthanasia, the doctor can be truly said to have done nothing to assist in the patient's death.

Why does Collins discuss the example of the boy who carries a rock around with him?

What, according to Rachels, is the principal reason that active euthanasia might be preferable in certain cases to passive euthanasia?

What question is Broome trying to answer in his essay on "Private Morality and Climate Change?"

According to Shue, a weakness of ticking bomb thought experiments is that they implausibly presume we are certain of both the imminence of a terrorist act and the guilt of the torture suspect.

Which of the following would NOT count as a project that offsets greenhouse gas emissions?

Which of the following best captures Marquis's main argument for the claim that the vast majority of abortions are morally wrong?

How does Mill respond to the objection that pleasure and pain cannot be the only things desirable as an end because people sometimes sacrifice their own pleasure or endure great pain to achieve some other goal?

How does Akan ethics envision the ideal person?

According to Gay-Williams, the practical effects of euthanasia on doctors and nurses are ultimately not relevant to the morality of euthanasia.

McMahan argues against the traditional claim that soldiers are obligated to distinguish between legitimate targets and illegitimate targets.

In your own words, explain the difference between hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives. How are these different kinds of imperatives related to the moral law?

An Introduction to Arguments

Moral Arguments

Reasoning With Obligations

Reasoning About Consequences

Reasoning With Virtues and Vices

Reasoning With Principles and Counterexamples

Reasoning With Analogies

Answering Moral Questions

Skepticism, Subjectivism, and Relativism

Religion and Moral Reasoning

Normative Theories, Part 1

Normative Theories, Part 2

Filters

Exam 13: Aristotle's Ethics: Exploring Virtue and Justice

Which of the following is NOT an example of "taking care of one's own" that Steinbock thinks is morally justified?

Marquis argues that:

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Liu is trying to answer in this paper?

Why does Krakoff discuss Erikson's theory of the eight stages of human psychological development?

Which of the following is demanded by a proper system of justice, according to van den Haag?

Estes contends that there is no sure-fire way to guarantee reciprocal consent, concern, and desire, but taking time to learn about one's partner and communicating about sex increases the chance of mutually respectful sex.

Which of the following is NOT an argument that McMahan uses to show that jus in bello cannot be independent of jus ad bellum?

What is the "principle of risk," according to Abbate?

Rachels argues that an important distinction between active and passive euthanasia lies in the fact that in cases of passive euthanasia, the doctor can be truly said to have done nothing to assist in the patient's death.

Why does Collins discuss the example of the boy who carries a rock around with him?

What, according to Rachels, is the principal reason that active euthanasia might be preferable in certain cases to passive euthanasia?

What question is Broome trying to answer in his essay on "Private Morality and Climate Change?"

According to Shue, a weakness of ticking bomb thought experiments is that they implausibly presume we are certain of both the imminence of a terrorist act and the guilt of the torture suspect.

Which of the following would NOT count as a project that offsets greenhouse gas emissions?

Which of the following best captures Marquis's main argument for the claim that the vast majority of abortions are morally wrong?

How does Mill respond to the objection that pleasure and pain cannot be the only things desirable as an end because people sometimes sacrifice their own pleasure or endure great pain to achieve some other goal?

How does Akan ethics envision the ideal person?

According to Gay-Williams, the practical effects of euthanasia on doctors and nurses are ultimately not relevant to the morality of euthanasia.

McMahan argues against the traditional claim that soldiers are obligated to distinguish between legitimate targets and illegitimate targets.

In your own words, explain the difference between hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives. How are these different kinds of imperatives related to the moral law?

An Introduction to Arguments

Moral Arguments

Reasoning With Obligations

Reasoning About Consequences

Reasoning With Virtues and Vices

Reasoning With Principles and Counterexamples

Reasoning With Analogies

Answering Moral Questions

Skepticism, Subjectivism, and Relativism

Religion and Moral Reasoning

Normative Theories, Part 1

Normative Theories, Part 2

Filters