Question 1

A hypothetical imperative is:

Accepted Answer

A)  An imperative that tells us what anyone who faces an imaginary moral dilemma ought to do. 
B)  An imperative that says that something is good to do even for a will that does not represent it as practically necessary. 
C)  An imperative that says that something is good to do to attain some further goal. 
D)  An imperative that applies to everyone, regardless of their particular interests or goals. 
A)  An imperative that tells us what anyone who faces an imaginary moral dilemma ought to do. 
B)  An imperative that says that something is good to do even for a will that does not represent it as practically necessary. 
C)  An imperative that says that something is good to do to attain some further goal. 
D)  An imperative that applies to everyone, regardless of their particular interests or goals.

Question 2

Abbate argues that the only civilians who count as "protected civilians" are the soldiers' co-nationals and civilians from allied countries.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Dougherty main conclusion in this paper is:

Accepted Answer

A)  It is wrong but not seriously so to deceive someone into sex by lying about run-of-the-mill personal features if such features would be a deal breaker for the victim of the deception. 
B)  Nonconsensual sex is wrong not because of the harm done to victims but because of the right to sexual autonomy and one's body that it violates. 
C)  In cases of deceiving someone into sex, lying about one's religion or ethnicity is seriously wrong but lying about one's profession or natural hair color is not seriously wrong. 
D)  It is seriously wrong to deceive someone into sex by lying about run-of-the-mill personal features if such features would be a deal breaker for the victim of the deception. 
A)  It is wrong but not seriously so to deceive someone into sex by lying about run-of-the-mill personal features if such features would be a deal breaker for the victim of the deception. 
B)  Nonconsensual sex is wrong not because of the harm done to victims but because of the right to sexual autonomy and one's body that it violates. 
C)  In cases of deceiving someone into sex, lying about one's religion or ethnicity is seriously wrong but lying about one's profession or natural hair color is not seriously wrong. 
D)  It is seriously wrong to deceive someone into sex by lying about run-of-the-mill personal features if such features would be a deal breaker for the victim of the deception.

Question 4

Assume that Nell is correct that third parties have a duty to enforce other's right not to be killed. Which of the following could you infer from that claim?

Accepted Answer

A)  People may have duties to change their social and political institutions, including states and international organizations, to better enforce people's right not to be killed. 
B)  If person A kills person B in self-defense, then B's right not to be killed is violated although A's actions are morally permissible. 
C)  People have duties to enforce the laws within their own countries to prevent the deaths of their fellow citizens but do not have duties to prevent deaths in other countries. 
D)  The duty to enforce person A's right not to be killed will require that one kills others who are trying to kill 
A)  People may have duties to change their social and political institutions, including states and international organizations, to better enforce people's right not to be killed. 
B)  If person A kills person B in self-defense, then B's right not to be killed is violated although A's actions are morally permissible. 
C)  People have duties to enforce the laws within their own countries to prevent the deaths of their fellow citizens but do not have duties to prevent deaths in other countries. 
D)  The duty to enforce person A's right not to be killed will require that one kills others who are trying to kill

Question 5

Wiredu defines morality as the observance of social rules for the harmonization of people's interests, motivated by concern for others' interests.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of the following would count as an objection to Nell's argument that famine deaths are a case of killing someone and not a case of allowing someone to die, because had we acted differently or had no causal influence, those deaths would not have occurred?

Accepted Answer

A)  Famine deaths resulting from the actions of many are not clearly cases of killing rather than allowing people to die, because if a single person acted differently or had no causal influence, those deaths still would have occurred. 
B)  Famine deaths are cases both of killing someone and allowing people to die because both people's causal influences and events outside their control are to blame for those deaths. 
C)  Famine deaths are not a case of allowing someone to die because governments could have acted differently by distributing resources more effectively to prevent those deaths. 
D)  Since famine deaths are the result of government inaction rather than action, they are thus cases of allowing people to die rather than killing, but both are equally wrong. 
A)  Famine deaths resulting from the actions of many are not clearly cases of killing rather than allowing people to die, because if a single person acted differently or had no causal influence, those deaths still would have occurred. 
B)  Famine deaths are cases both of killing someone and allowing people to die because both people's causal influences and events outside their control are to blame for those deaths. 
C)  Famine deaths are not a case of allowing someone to die because governments could have acted differently by distributing resources more effectively to prevent those deaths. 
D)  Since famine deaths are the result of government inaction rather than action, they are thus cases of allowing people to die rather than killing, but both are equally wrong.

Question 7

Why does Garcia think that prejudice is not essential to racism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Prejudice could be based on other forms of oppressions such as sexism, classism, or ableism. 
B)  Prejudice is a matter of feeling, whereas racism is a matter of beliefs. 
C)  Prejudice is a cognitive matter, whereas racism is a matter of racial disregard. 
D)  Prejudice only exists in institutions, whereas racism is fundamentally individual in nature. 
A)  Prejudice could be based on other forms of oppressions such as sexism, classism, or ableism. 
B)  Prejudice is a matter of feeling, whereas racism is a matter of beliefs. 
C)  Prejudice is a cognitive matter, whereas racism is a matter of racial disregard. 
D)  Prejudice only exists in institutions, whereas racism is fundamentally individual in nature.

Question 8

What is Broome's basic conclusion in "Private Morality and Climate Change?"

Accepted Answer

A)  Only governments, not individuals, are obligated to deal with climate change. 
B)  Each of us is morally obligated to reduce our carbon footprint to zero by reducing our greenhouse gas emissions where we can and offsetting those we can't eliminate. 
C)  Each of us is morally obligated to eliminate wasteful greenhouse gas emissions, but not to make sacrifices that others are not making. 
D)  Each of us is morally obligated to buy as many greenhouse gas offsets as we can afford. 
A)  Only governments, not individuals, are obligated to deal with climate change. 
B)  Each of us is morally obligated to reduce our carbon footprint to zero by reducing our greenhouse gas emissions where we can and offsetting those we can't eliminate. 
C)  Each of us is morally obligated to eliminate wasteful greenhouse gas emissions, but not to make sacrifices that others are not making. 
D)  Each of us is morally obligated to buy as many greenhouse gas offsets as we can afford.

Question 9

How does Wiredu define morality?

Accepted Answer

A)  As the observance of rules for the harmonization of competing interests in a society. 
B)  As the observance of rules for the harmonization of competing interests in a society, inspired by sympathetic identification with the interests of others. 
C)  As the observance of the social customs of a society that dictate the proper behavior for occupants of each social role. 
D)  As the observance of the social customs of a society that dictate the proper behavior for occupants of each social role, when done out of respect for those customs. 
A)  As the observance of rules for the harmonization of competing interests in a society. 
B)  As the observance of rules for the harmonization of competing interests in a society, inspired by sympathetic identification with the interests of others. 
C)  As the observance of the social customs of a society that dictate the proper behavior for occupants of each social role. 
D)  As the observance of the social customs of a society that dictate the proper behavior for occupants of each social role, when done out of respect for those customs.

Question 10

Which of the following can we infer from Rachels's claim that outside the realm of medicine, most cases of killing are more reprehensible than most cases where one is allowed to die?

Accepted Answer

A)  In most cases of killing outside of medical contexts the killer's intentions are more reprehensible than the intentions of one who simply allows another to die. 
B)  Unlike cases of killing outside of medical contexts, in most cases of allowing one to die outside of medical contexts, the victim's death is not an intended consequence. 
C)  Unlike most cases of killing within medical contexts, in most cases of letting someone die within medical contexts, the patient's death is not an intended consequence. 
D)  In most cases of active euthanasia, the doctor's intentions are not any more or less reprehensible than the intentions of a doctor who allows a patient to die. 
A)  In most cases of killing outside of medical contexts the killer's intentions are more reprehensible than the intentions of one who simply allows another to die. 
B)  Unlike cases of killing outside of medical contexts, in most cases of allowing one to die outside of medical contexts, the victim's death is not an intended consequence. 
C)  Unlike most cases of killing within medical contexts, in most cases of letting someone die within medical contexts, the patient's death is not an intended consequence. 
D)  In most cases of active euthanasia, the doctor's intentions are not any more or less reprehensible than the intentions of a doctor who allows a patient to die.

Question 11

Which of the following can we infer from Singer's argument that we should prevent something bad from happening if it is within our power to do so and we need not sacrifice anything of comparable moral importance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Any time someone buys a product that is not a basic need, one is failing to adhere to Singer's principle because there are others in the world who do not have their basic needs met. 
B)  One must spend sixty percent of one's energy and time calculating what is of comparable moral significance to preventing famine relief. 
C)  One should do everything in one's power to fight against the devastation of climate change, which may threaten humanity's entire existence. 
D)  One should always prevent harm from happening to oneself because there is nothing of greater moral importance to oneself. 
A)  Any time someone buys a product that is not a basic need, one is failing to adhere to Singer's principle because there are others in the world who do not have their basic needs met. 
B)  One must spend sixty percent of one's energy and time calculating what is of comparable moral significance to preventing famine relief. 
C)  One should do everything in one's power to fight against the devastation of climate change, which may threaten humanity's entire existence. 
D)  One should always prevent harm from happening to oneself because there is nothing of greater moral importance to oneself.

Question 12

Woollard argues that if there is a close connection between an agent and a victim or need, then that generates stringent duties to aid, even if such aid requires substantial sacrifices.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Marquis claims that it is wrong to kill an adult human being because it robs the victim of his or her future life and all the projects and experiences that go with it.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

What point is Mencius making in the story from 2A6 about the child who is about to fall into a well?

Accepted Answer

A)  That people's natural reaction to the child falling into the well demonstrates that everyone has a natural feeling of compassion. 
B)  That people's natural reaction to the child varies according to the virtue of the person who sees the child. 
C)  That people's actions are ultimately what matter morally, not their feelings. 
D)  That people's feelings can be valuable guides, but feelings alone will not save the child from the well. 
A)  That people's natural reaction to the child falling into the well demonstrates that everyone has a natural feeling of compassion. 
B)  That people's natural reaction to the child varies according to the virtue of the person who sees the child. 
C)  That people's actions are ultimately what matter morally, not their feelings. 
D)  That people's feelings can be valuable guides, but feelings alone will not save the child from the well.

Question 15

According to Mill, why is it wrong to tell a lie to spare yourself a momentary embarrassment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because one can never be certain whether others will discover the lie, which would upset them and further embarrass you. 
B)  Because the pleasure that comes from knowing that you are an honest person outweighs the pain of momentary embarrassment. 
C)  Because it weakens one's commitment to telling the truth and others' expectations of honesty, both of which are critical to promoting the overall happiness. 
D)  Because suffering embarrassment might be painful for you, but being deprived of the truth will cause others more pain in the long run. 
A)  Because one can never be certain whether others will discover the lie, which would upset them and further embarrass you. 
B)  Because the pleasure that comes from knowing that you are an honest person outweighs the pain of momentary embarrassment. 
C)  Because it weakens one's commitment to telling the truth and others' expectations of honesty, both of which are critical to promoting the overall happiness. 
D)  Because suffering embarrassment might be painful for you, but being deprived of the truth will cause others more pain in the long run.

Question 16

Why is it possible, according to Aristotle, to perform a brave action without actually being brave?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because being brave requires not only doing the right thing but also having the right feelings and attitudes about that action. 
B)  Because sometimes an action that appears to be brave is actually done out of ignorance of danger. 
C)  Because bravery is especially concerned with facing great dangers, such as dangers of war, and not everyone faces those dangers. 
D)  Because bravery sometimes leads to death or injury, which is inconsistent with happiness. 
A)  Because being brave requires not only doing the right thing but also having the right feelings and attitudes about that action. 
B)  Because sometimes an action that appears to be brave is actually done out of ignorance of danger. 
C)  Because bravery is especially concerned with facing great dangers, such as dangers of war, and not everyone faces those dangers. 
D)  Because bravery sometimes leads to death or injury, which is inconsistent with happiness.

Question 17

Sinnott-Armstrong argues that although individuals have no obligation to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, governments do have an obligation to reduce their citizens' emissions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

What is Mill's Greatest Happiness Principle? How does Mill understand happiness?

Accepted Answer

Mill's Greatest Happiness Principle, als

Question 19

McMahan argues that the obligation to obey military commanders sometimes justifies soldiers' participation in an unjust war.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

How does Strawser respond to the objection that drones contribute to targeted assassinations that are forbidden by the rules of war?

Accepted Answer

A)  By arguing that the rules of war ought to allow targeted assassinations because they are not, in principle, any different from other kinds of killing in war. 
B)  By pointing out that the fact that drones can be used for impermissible assassinations does not force policy makers to use them for that purpose. 
C)  By reminding the reader that Strawser's conclusion applies only to legitimate military objectives, not to targeted assassinations. 
D)  By insisting that drones are not any more effective at targeted assassinations than are other means of assassination. 
A)  By arguing that the rules of war ought to allow targeted assassinations because they are not, in principle, any different from other kinds of killing in war. 
B)  By pointing out that the fact that drones can be used for impermissible assassinations does not force policy makers to use them for that purpose. 
C)  By reminding the reader that Strawser's conclusion applies only to legitimate military objectives, not to targeted assassinations. 
D)  By insisting that drones are not any more effective at targeted assassinations than are other means of assassination.

A hypothetical imperative is:

Abbate argues that the only civilians who count as "protected civilians" are the soldiers' co-nationals and civilians from allied countries.

Dougherty main conclusion in this paper is:

Assume that Nell is correct that third parties have a duty to enforce other's right not to be killed. Which of the following could you infer from that claim?

Wiredu defines morality as the observance of social rules for the harmonization of people's interests, motivated by concern for others' interests.

Which of the following would count as an objection to Nell's argument that famine deaths are a case of killing someone and not a case of allowing someone to die, because had we acted differently or had no causal influence, those deaths would not have occurred?

Why does Garcia think that prejudice is not essential to racism?

What is Broome's basic conclusion in "Private Morality and Climate Change?"

How does Wiredu define morality?

Which of the following can we infer from Rachels's claim that outside the realm of medicine, most cases of killing are more reprehensible than most cases where one is allowed to die?

Which of the following can we infer from Singer's argument that we should prevent something bad from happening if it is within our power to do so and we need not sacrifice anything of comparable moral importance?

Woollard argues that if there is a close connection between an agent and a victim or need, then that generates stringent duties to aid, even if such aid requires substantial sacrifices.

Marquis claims that it is wrong to kill an adult human being because it robs the victim of his or her future life and all the projects and experiences that go with it.

What point is Mencius making in the story from 2A6 about the child who is about to fall into a well?

According to Mill, why is it wrong to tell a lie to spare yourself a momentary embarrassment?

Why is it possible, according to Aristotle, to perform a brave action without actually being brave?

Sinnott-Armstrong argues that although individuals have no obligation to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, governments do have an obligation to reduce their citizens' emissions.

What is Mill's Greatest Happiness Principle? How does Mill understand happiness?

McMahan argues that the obligation to obey military commanders sometimes justifies soldiers' participation in an unjust war.

How does Strawser respond to the objection that drones contribute to targeted assassinations that are forbidden by the rules of war?

An Introduction to Arguments

Moral Arguments

Reasoning With Obligations

Reasoning About Consequences

Reasoning With Virtues and Vices

Reasoning With Principles and Counterexamples

Reasoning With Analogies

Answering Moral Questions

Skepticism, Subjectivism, and Relativism

Religion and Moral Reasoning

Normative Theories, Part 1

Normative Theories, Part 2

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Exam 13: Aristotle's Ethics: Exploring Virtue and Justice

A hypothetical imperative is:

Abbate argues that the only civilians who count as "protected civilians" are the soldiers' co-nationals and civilians from allied countries.

Dougherty main conclusion in this paper is:

Assume that Nell is correct that third parties have a duty to enforce other's right not to be killed. Which of the following could you infer from that claim?

Wiredu defines morality as the observance of social rules for the harmonization of people's interests, motivated by concern for others' interests.

Which of the following would count as an objection to Nell's argument that famine deaths are a case of killing someone and not a case of allowing someone to die, because had we acted differently or had no causal influence, those deaths would not have occurred?

Why does Garcia think that prejudice is not essential to racism?

What is Broome's basic conclusion in "Private Morality and Climate Change?"

How does Wiredu define morality?

Which of the following can we infer from Rachels's claim that outside the realm of medicine, most cases of killing are more reprehensible than most cases where one is allowed to die?

Which of the following can we infer from Singer's argument that we should prevent something bad from happening if it is within our power to do so and we need not sacrifice anything of comparable moral importance?

Woollard argues that if there is a close connection between an agent and a victim or need, then that generates stringent duties to aid, even if such aid requires substantial sacrifices.

Marquis claims that it is wrong to kill an adult human being because it robs the victim of his or her future life and all the projects and experiences that go with it.

What point is Mencius making in the story from 2A6 about the child who is about to fall into a well?

According to Mill, why is it wrong to tell a lie to spare yourself a momentary embarrassment?

Why is it possible, according to Aristotle, to perform a brave action without actually being brave?

Sinnott-Armstrong argues that although individuals have no obligation to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, governments do have an obligation to reduce their citizens' emissions.

What is Mill's Greatest Happiness Principle? How does Mill understand happiness?

McMahan argues that the obligation to obey military commanders sometimes justifies soldiers' participation in an unjust war.

How does Strawser respond to the objection that drones contribute to targeted assassinations that are forbidden by the rules of war?

An Introduction to Arguments

Moral Arguments

Reasoning With Obligations

Reasoning About Consequences

Reasoning With Virtues and Vices

Reasoning With Principles and Counterexamples

Reasoning With Analogies

Answering Moral Questions

Skepticism, Subjectivism, and Relativism

Religion and Moral Reasoning

Normative Theories, Part 1

Normative Theories, Part 2

Filters