Question 1

According to Nathanson, equality retributivism would entail the moral permissibility of clearly barbaric punishments.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Which of the following is the strongest objection to Strawser's Principle of Unnecessary Risk?

Accepted Answer

A)  Soldiers fighting an unjust war are not morally entitled to protect themselves at the expense of other people. The Principle of Unnecessary Risk would justify soldiers fighting an unjust war in doing exactly that. Therefore, the Principle of Unnecessary Risk is morally unacceptable. 
B)  The Principle of Unnecessary Risk applies only to risks that are not necessary. Different commanders might disagree about which risks are necessary. Therefore, the Principle of Unnecessary Risk does not provide adequate guidance. 
C)  Some ways of reducing the risks faced by warfighters will increase the likelihood of civilian casualties while decreasing the warfighters' risks only slightly. Although the Principle of Unnecessary Risk prohibits individual actions that increase that likelihood too much, following the principle as a general rule will significantly increase the number of civilian casualties while only slightly decreasing the number of military casualties. Militaries ought not to adopt policies that will significantly increase the number of civilian casualties to slightly reduce their own casualties. Therefore, militaries should not adopt the Principle of Unnecessary Risk. 
D)  Soldiers are obligated to follow their commanders' orders. Commanders are obligated to instruct soldiers about how to deal with risks to civilians whom they encounter during their combat operations. Soldiers are not allowed to deviate from those orders, even to reduce risks to noncombatants. Therefore, soldiers are not permitted to obey the Principle of Unnecessary Risk. 
A)  Soldiers fighting an unjust war are not morally entitled to protect themselves at the expense of other people. The Principle of Unnecessary Risk would justify soldiers fighting an unjust war in doing exactly that. Therefore, the Principle of Unnecessary Risk is morally unacceptable. 
B)  The Principle of Unnecessary Risk applies only to risks that are not necessary. Different commanders might disagree about which risks are necessary. Therefore, the Principle of Unnecessary Risk does not provide adequate guidance. 
C)  Some ways of reducing the risks faced by warfighters will increase the likelihood of civilian casualties while decreasing the warfighters' risks only slightly. Although the Principle of Unnecessary Risk prohibits individual actions that increase that likelihood too much, following the principle as a general rule will significantly increase the number of civilian casualties while only slightly decreasing the number of military casualties. Militaries ought not to adopt policies that will significantly increase the number of civilian casualties to slightly reduce their own casualties. Therefore, militaries should not adopt the Principle of Unnecessary Risk. 
D)  Soldiers are obligated to follow their commanders' orders. Commanders are obligated to instruct soldiers about how to deal with risks to civilians whom they encounter during their combat operations. Soldiers are not allowed to deviate from those orders, even to reduce risks to noncombatants. Therefore, soldiers are not permitted to obey the Principle of Unnecessary Risk.

Question 3

Why, according to Abbate, is a soldier obligated to assume extra risks to protect civilians from his or her own country?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because the principle of risk requires a soldier to assume extra risks to protect all civilians, including those from his or her own country. 
B)  Because soldiers have a special obligation to their co-nationals to avoid directly harming them. 
C)  Because soldiers have a role-based obligation to protect the people from their country. 
D)  Because the principles of jus in bello require soldiers to discriminate between combatants and noncombatants. 
A)  Because the principle of risk requires a soldier to assume extra risks to protect all civilians, including those from his or her own country. 
B)  Because soldiers have a special obligation to their co-nationals to avoid directly harming them. 
C)  Because soldiers have a role-based obligation to protect the people from their country. 
D)  Because the principles of jus in bello require soldiers to discriminate between combatants and noncombatants.

Question 4

According to Eaton, there are two stages of cause and effect operating in the harm hypothesis: the first stage involves pornography's impact on its consumers and the second stage involves the actions of consumers that injure others.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Strawser believes that his main conclusion applies even to military operations in an unjust war.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Woollard makes an independent argument in her paper for why morality must recognize that a person's body and other resources belong to him or her.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

What is the connection, according to Sinnott-Armstrong, between a government's failure to fulfill its obligations and an individual's obligation to make up for that failure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individuals are sometimes obligated to make up for governments' failure to meet its obligations. 
B)  Individuals are never obligated to make up for governments' failure to meet its obligations. 
C)  Individuals are always obligated to make up for governments' failure to meet its obligations. 
D)  There is no connection between a governments' obligations and individuals' obligations. 
A)  Individuals are sometimes obligated to make up for governments' failure to meet its obligations. 
B)  Individuals are never obligated to make up for governments' failure to meet its obligations. 
C)  Individuals are always obligated to make up for governments' failure to meet its obligations. 
D)  There is no connection between a governments' obligations and individuals' obligations.

Question 8

In your own words, state, according to Shue, why so-called "ticking bomb" thought experiments make poor tests for the permissibility of torture.

Accepted Answer

According to Shue, so-called "ticking bo

Question 9

Which of the following, according to Dershowitz, constitutes a good test of whether an action should be performed?

Accepted Answer

A)  We have distinct procedures for assessing the legality or illegality of the action. 
B)  We are prepared to have the action disclosed after the action has taken place. 
C)  We can justify the action on the basis of a simple cost-benefit analysis. 
D)  We are confident that the action will not establish a precedent. 
A)  We have distinct procedures for assessing the legality or illegality of the action. 
B)  We are prepared to have the action disclosed after the action has taken place. 
C)  We can justify the action on the basis of a simple cost-benefit analysis. 
D)  We are confident that the action will not establish a precedent.

Question 10

Thomson argues that the right to life is the right to not be killed unjustly.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which of the following best expresses the basic question that Cheryl Abbate is trying to answer in "Assuming Risk: A Critical Analysis of a Soldier's Duty to Prevent Collateral Casualties"?

Accepted Answer

A)  When are soldiers obligated to avoid collateral casualties? 
B)  Do soldiers or commanders have a greater obligation to decide which risks are appropriate for avoiding collateral casualties? 
C)  Do soldiers have a moral obligation to assume extra risks to avoid collateral casualties? 
D)  Is it permissible to injure or kill civilians as a foreseen side effect of achieving a legitimate military objective? 
A)  When are soldiers obligated to avoid collateral casualties? 
B)  Do soldiers or commanders have a greater obligation to decide which risks are appropriate for avoiding collateral casualties? 
C)  Do soldiers have a moral obligation to assume extra risks to avoid collateral casualties? 
D)  Is it permissible to injure or kill civilians as a foreseen side effect of achieving a legitimate military objective?

Question 12

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Dougherty is trying to answer in this paper?

Accepted Answer

A)  How wrong is it to deceive someone? 
B)  How wrong is it to have sex with someone while lacking his or her consent? 
C)  How wrong is it to deceive someone into sex by lying about run-of-the-mill personal features? 
D)  How does lying to someone violate his or her consent? 
A)  How wrong is it to deceive someone? 
B)  How wrong is it to have sex with someone while lacking his or her consent? 
C)  How wrong is it to deceive someone into sex by lying about run-of-the-mill personal features? 
D)  How does lying to someone violate his or her consent?

Question 13

Woollard's main conclusion in this paper is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Proximity is not a morally relevant factor when it comes to determining when we have the duty to make substantial sacrifices to help others in desperate need. 
B)  Proximity is a morally relevant factor when it comes to determining when we have the duty to make substantial sacrifices to help others in desperate need. 
C)  People from affluent countries still should do a lot more to prevent poverty-related deaths because the imperialist actions of their countries may be responsible for those deaths. 
D)  Morality should not demand too much from people; otherwise, it is implausible to expect people to adhere to moral standards and morality becomes useless as a guide for how to act. 
A)  Proximity is not a morally relevant factor when it comes to determining when we have the duty to make substantial sacrifices to help others in desperate need. 
B)  Proximity is a morally relevant factor when it comes to determining when we have the duty to make substantial sacrifices to help others in desperate need. 
C)  People from affluent countries still should do a lot more to prevent poverty-related deaths because the imperialist actions of their countries may be responsible for those deaths. 
D)  Morality should not demand too much from people; otherwise, it is implausible to expect people to adhere to moral standards and morality becomes useless as a guide for how to act.

Question 14

According to Wolf, the mere risk of causing death by sedative overdose in palliative care does not render this practice an instance of assisted suicide or euthanasia.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of determining an individual's being morally deserving of praise, according to Nathanson?

Accepted Answer

A)  The intentions and motives underlying the individual's action. 
B)  The circumstances in which the action to be evaluated was committed. 
C)  The consequences of the individual's action, considered in isolation. 
D)  The risk an individual voluntarily undertook in performing the action. 
A)  The intentions and motives underlying the individual's action. 
B)  The circumstances in which the action to be evaluated was committed. 
C)  The consequences of the individual's action, considered in isolation. 
D)  The risk an individual voluntarily undertook in performing the action.

Question 16

Which of the following would count as an objection to McMahan's claim that it would be wrong for you to kill the "Implacable Pursuer"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because we don't know how the Implacable Pursuer ended up in a situation where the villain chose to kidnap her instead of someone else, we can't be sure that she really is innocent in this case. She might have some degree of moral responsibility for her situation. Therefore, it is permissible to kill her. 
B)  An "innocent threat" is someone who threatens your life through no fault of your own. The Implacable Pursuer is therefore an innocent threat. The right to self-defense entails that it is permissible to use force, even deadly force, against an innocent threat when there is no other way for you to save your life. Therefore, it is permissible to kill the Implacable Pursuer if there is no other way to save your own life. 
C)  If you were to use force against the Implacable Pursuer, she would be justified in trying to kill you, since she has done nothing to make her liable to attack. Therefore, you are permitted to kill the Implacable Pursuer to prevent her from using force against you. 
D)  A person is morally responsible for her actions only if she could have done otherwise. Because the villain implanted a device in the Implacable Pursuer's brain, she is unable to do anything other than try to kill you. Therefore, she is not morally responsible for her actions. 
A)  Because we don't know how the Implacable Pursuer ended up in a situation where the villain chose to kidnap her instead of someone else, we can't be sure that she really is innocent in this case. She might have some degree of moral responsibility for her situation. Therefore, it is permissible to kill her. 
B)  An "innocent threat" is someone who threatens your life through no fault of your own. The Implacable Pursuer is therefore an innocent threat. The right to self-defense entails that it is permissible to use force, even deadly force, against an innocent threat when there is no other way for you to save your life. Therefore, it is permissible to kill the Implacable Pursuer if there is no other way to save your own life. 
C)  If you were to use force against the Implacable Pursuer, she would be justified in trying to kill you, since she has done nothing to make her liable to attack. Therefore, you are permitted to kill the Implacable Pursuer to prevent her from using force against you. 
D)  A person is morally responsible for her actions only if she could have done otherwise. Because the villain implanted a device in the Implacable Pursuer's brain, she is unable to do anything other than try to kill you. Therefore, she is not morally responsible for her actions.

Question 17

Of the following, which most accurately defines the idea of a "moral patient"?

Accepted Answer

A)  A being who is incapable of experiencing pleasures and pains. 
B)  A being who is capable of moral reasoning but is not subject to moral duties. 
C)  A being who is incapable of moral reasoning but is subject to moral duties. 
D)  A being who is capable of having interests of equal weight to humans' interests. 
A)  A being who is incapable of experiencing pleasures and pains. 
B)  A being who is capable of moral reasoning but is not subject to moral duties. 
C)  A being who is incapable of moral reasoning but is subject to moral duties. 
D)  A being who is capable of having interests of equal weight to humans' interests.

Question 18

How does the Akan emphasis on social relationships affect their views on the importance of getting married and having children?

Accepted Answer

The Akan emphasis on social relationship

Question 19

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Eaton is trying to answer in this paper?

Accepted Answer

A)  How can the methods of epidemiology be used to analyze the harms of pornography? 
B)  Is antiporn feminism a reasonable position? 
C)  What is sensible feminism? 
D)  Is antiporn feminism against violent pornography? 
A)  How can the methods of epidemiology be used to analyze the harms of pornography? 
B)  Is antiporn feminism a reasonable position? 
C)  What is sensible feminism? 
D)  Is antiporn feminism against violent pornography?

Question 20

Why, according to Eaton, does a taxonomy of the potential harms of pornography matter?

Accepted Answer

A)  A taxonomy of the potential harms of pornography helps to show that the causal relationship between pornography and harm is probabilistic and not deterministic. 
B)  A taxonomy of the potential harms of pornography helps to evaluate antiporn feminism's plausibility and its proposed remedies to such harms. 
C)  A taxonomy of the potential harms of pornography helps to demonstrate that the harm hypothesis requires much more empirical evidence before it is either rejected or accepted. 
D)  A taxonomy of the potential harms of pornography helps to demonstrate that state intervention and regulation are the best ways to address pornography's harms. 
A)  A taxonomy of the potential harms of pornography helps to show that the causal relationship between pornography and harm is probabilistic and not deterministic. 
B)  A taxonomy of the potential harms of pornography helps to evaluate antiporn feminism's plausibility and its proposed remedies to such harms. 
C)  A taxonomy of the potential harms of pornography helps to demonstrate that the harm hypothesis requires much more empirical evidence before it is either rejected or accepted. 
D)  A taxonomy of the potential harms of pornography helps to demonstrate that state intervention and regulation are the best ways to address pornography's harms.

According to Nathanson, equality retributivism would entail the moral permissibility of clearly barbaric punishments.

Which of the following is the strongest objection to Strawser's Principle of Unnecessary Risk?

Why, according to Abbate, is a soldier obligated to assume extra risks to protect civilians from his or her own country?

According to Eaton, there are two stages of cause and effect operating in the harm hypothesis: the first stage involves pornography's impact on its consumers and the second stage involves the actions of consumers that injure others.

Strawser believes that his main conclusion applies even to military operations in an unjust war.

Woollard makes an independent argument in her paper for why morality must recognize that a person's body and other resources belong to him or her.

What is the connection, according to Sinnott-Armstrong, between a government's failure to fulfill its obligations and an individual's obligation to make up for that failure?

In your own words, state, according to Shue, why so-called "ticking bomb" thought experiments make poor tests for the permissibility of torture.

Which of the following, according to Dershowitz, constitutes a good test of whether an action should be performed?

Thomson argues that the right to life is the right to not be killed unjustly.

Which of the following best expresses the basic question that Cheryl Abbate is trying to answer in "Assuming Risk: A Critical Analysis of a Soldier's Duty to Prevent Collateral Casualties"?

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Dougherty is trying to answer in this paper?

Woollard's main conclusion in this paper is:

According to Wolf, the mere risk of causing death by sedative overdose in palliative care does not render this practice an instance of assisted suicide or euthanasia.

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of determining an individual's being morally deserving of praise, according to Nathanson?

Which of the following would count as an objection to McMahan's claim that it would be wrong for you to kill the "Implacable Pursuer"?

Of the following, which most accurately defines the idea of a "moral patient"?

How does the Akan emphasis on social relationships affect their views on the importance of getting married and having children?

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Eaton is trying to answer in this paper?

Why, according to Eaton, does a taxonomy of the potential harms of pornography matter?

An Introduction to Arguments

Moral Arguments

Reasoning With Obligations

Reasoning About Consequences

Reasoning With Virtues and Vices

Reasoning With Principles and Counterexamples

Reasoning With Analogies

Answering Moral Questions

Skepticism, Subjectivism, and Relativism

Religion and Moral Reasoning

Normative Theories, Part 1

Normative Theories, Part 2

Filters

Exam 13: Aristotle's Ethics: Exploring Virtue and Justice

According to Nathanson, equality retributivism would entail the moral permissibility of clearly barbaric punishments.

Which of the following is the strongest objection to Strawser's Principle of Unnecessary Risk?

Why, according to Abbate, is a soldier obligated to assume extra risks to protect civilians from his or her own country?

According to Eaton, there are two stages of cause and effect operating in the harm hypothesis: the first stage involves pornography's impact on its consumers and the second stage involves the actions of consumers that injure others.

Strawser believes that his main conclusion applies even to military operations in an unjust war.

Woollard makes an independent argument in her paper for why morality must recognize that a person's body and other resources belong to him or her.

What is the connection, according to Sinnott-Armstrong, between a government's failure to fulfill its obligations and an individual's obligation to make up for that failure?

In your own words, state, according to Shue, why so-called "ticking bomb" thought experiments make poor tests for the permissibility of torture.

Which of the following, according to Dershowitz, constitutes a good test of whether an action should be performed?

Thomson argues that the right to life is the right to not be killed unjustly.

Which of the following best expresses the basic question that Cheryl Abbate is trying to answer in "Assuming Risk: A Critical Analysis of a Soldier's Duty to Prevent Collateral Casualties"?

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Dougherty is trying to answer in this paper?

Woollard's main conclusion in this paper is:

According to Wolf, the mere risk of causing death by sedative overdose in palliative care does not render this practice an instance of assisted suicide or euthanasia.

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of determining an individual's being morally deserving of praise, according to Nathanson?

Which of the following would count as an objection to McMahan's claim that it would be wrong for you to kill the "Implacable Pursuer"?

Of the following, which most accurately defines the idea of a "moral patient"?

How does the Akan emphasis on social relationships affect their views on the importance of getting married and having children?

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Eaton is trying to answer in this paper?

Why, according to Eaton, does a taxonomy of the potential harms of pornography matter?

An Introduction to Arguments

Moral Arguments

Reasoning With Obligations

Reasoning About Consequences

Reasoning With Virtues and Vices

Reasoning With Principles and Counterexamples

Reasoning With Analogies

Answering Moral Questions

Skepticism, Subjectivism, and Relativism

Religion and Moral Reasoning

Normative Theories, Part 1

Normative Theories, Part 2

Filters