Exam 6: Deviance and Crime.

__________ crimes involve an illegal action voluntarily engaged in by the participants. Many people assert that such conduct should not be labeled a crime; these offenses are often referred to as "victimless crimes" because they involve a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults.

Discuss the issue of graffiti

__________ social control takes place through the socialization process. Individuals observe societal norms and values that prescribe how people should behave and then follow those norms and values in their everyday lives.

Describe political crime and explain how it may weaken social control in a society.

In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (in Furman v. Georgia) that arbitrary application of the death penalty violates the __________ to the Constitution, but that the death penalty itself is not unconstitutional. To be constitutional, the death penalty must be imposed for reasons other than the race/ethnicity, gender, and social class of the offender.

According to sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them and advocate an alternative set of goals or means.

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then shoplift items from stores on numerous occasions. This behavior is an example of __________.

__________ is the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons.

Which of the following actions is not considered to be a corporate (white-collar) crime?

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is the major source of information on crimes reported in the United States. The (NCVS) is compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and focuses on eight major crimes, called index crimes.

Political crimes also include illegal or unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement or to undermine or overthrow the government. Examples include treason, acts of political sabotage, and terrorist attacks on public buildings.

__________ crime consists of actions such as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, and involves force or the threat of force against others.

According to sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler, __________ have a hierarchical structure, dominated by leaders and exclusive in nature, so that not all individuals who desire membership are accepted.

According to sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them.

Sociologist Edwin Sutherland's __________ theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently interact with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.

Sociologist Robert Merton identified five ways in which people adapt to cultural goals and approved ways of achieving them. In addition to conformity, Merton classified the remaining four types of adaptation as deviance. Which of the following was not a type of adaptation identified?

Functionalist theorists who focus on power relations in society suggest that the lifestyles considered deviant by political and economic elites are often defined as illegal. According to this approach, norms and laws are established for the benefit of those in power and do not reflect any absolute standard of right and wrong.

A public execution illustrates which function of deviance?

Sociologists categorize crimes based on how they are committed and how society views the offenses. The text examined all of the following types of crime: violent crime, property crime, public order crime, occupational and corporate crime, organized crime, and political crime.

__________ is punishment that a person receives for infringing on the rights of others. It imposes a penalty on the offender and is based on the premise that the punishment should fit the crime.