Exam 6: Deviance and Crime.

_________ guidelines are established by law and require that a person convicted of a specific offense or series of offenses be given a penalty within a fixed range.

Describe the criminal justice system and explain how the police and courts have considerable discretion in dealing with offenders.

Which of the following activities is not associated with organized crime?

Some __________ emphasize that the study of deviance reveals how the powerful exert authority over the powerless by taking away their free will to think and act as they might choose.

According to sociologist Robert Merton's __________ theory, people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals. The goals may be material possessions and money; the approved means may include an education and jobs.

For young men who grow up in a __________, running drug houses and selling drugs on street corners make it possible for them to support themselves and their families as well as purchase material possessions to impress others.

Provide a personal definition of deviance. Then identify and discuss what you think are the five most deviant acts that you can imagine a person doing.

Four types of political deviance have been attributed to some government officials. Which of the following is not a type identified?

The National Gang Center (2010), funded by the U.S. Department of Justice, estimates that in 2007 there were __________gangs with about 788,000 members of all ages in the United States..

__________ crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.

According to sociologist Howard Becker, __________ are often the ones who create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior. Becker believes that these individuals use their own perspectives on "right" and "wrong" to establish the rules by which they expect other people to live.

Criminologist Ronald Akers created the __________ theory, which combines differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes.

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory, innovation occurs when people accept culturally approved goals and pursue them through approved means. Persons who want to achieve success through innovation work hard and save their money.

A young woman graduates from high school with honors and attends a prestigious university where she completes her degree; she gets a good job; she marries and starts planning for the future. This woman's behavior illustrates __________.

Outline the principle elements of sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory.

Typically, sociologists and criminologists define a __________ as a group of people, usually young, who band together for purposes generally considered to be deviant or criminal by the larger society.

A study by the U.S. Justice Department found that __________ are more likely to be victims of violent crimes than are members of any other racial category.

According to sociologist Edwin Sutherland, __________ crime comprises illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.

Based on sociologist Travis Hirschi's social bonding theory, which of the following factors was not identified?

The term __________ refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it.