Exam 6: Deviance and Crime.

Summarize the significant features of sociologists Richard Cloward's and Lloyd Ohlin's illegitimate opportunity theory and describe the three types of gangs identified.

Based on the symbolic interaction theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the __________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

Which of these actions is not considered to be a corporate crime?

The three most common arrest categories for both men and women are driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs (DUI), larceny, and minor or criminal mischief types of offenses.

According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. A few people engage in __________ deviance, which occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.

Deviant behavior varies in its degree of seriousness, ranging from mild transgressions of folkways, to more serious infringements of mores, to quite serious violations of the law. A __________ is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.

The overwhelming percentage of gang members in the U.S. Come from the underclass.

In relation to the functionalist perspectives on deviance, describe sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory and sociologists Richard Cloward's and Lloyd Ohlin's opportunity theory.

__________ who focus on power relations in society suggest that the lifestyles considered deviant by political and economic elites are often defined as illegal. According to this approach, norms and laws are established for the benefit of those in power and do not reflect any absolute standard of right and wrong.

__________ crimes include robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. In most of these crimes, the primary motive is to obtain money or some other desired valuable.

Based on the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), __________.

A number of individuals have been convicted in the last few years of stock manipulation in order to make more money for themselves. These individuals were engaging in a public order crime.

According to sociologist Edwin Sutherland's rational choice theory of deviance, people learn the necessary techniques and motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes of deviant behavior from people with whom they interact.

One of the greatest challenges to the criminal justice system is juvenile offenders, who may become adult criminals. However, instead of military-style boot camps or other stopgap measures, __________ (such as more and better education and jobs, affordable housing, more equality and less discrimination, and socially productive activities) are needed to reduce street crime.

Describe organized crime and explain how it may weaken social control in a society.

The __________ feminist approach is based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy. From this approach, women's criminal behavior is linked to gender conflict created by the economic and social struggle that often takes place in postindustrial societies.

Street gangs use graffiti to do all of the below except what?

Street graffiti is done solely by gang members.

According to the text, "taggers," compared to traditional street gangs typically are all of the below except what?

According to sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them.