Exam 6: Deviance and Crime.

Sociologist __________ believed that deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people. As social integration (bonding and community involvement) decreased, deviance and crime increased.

Based on their research, sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin identified three basic gang types which emerge on the basis of the type of illegitimate opportunity structure available in a specific area. The __________ is devoted to theft, extortion, and other illegal means of securing an income.

Violent crimes are often more costly in terms of money and lives lost than corporate crimes.

Discuss the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and describe the types of crime it reports.

__________ involves the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists.

According to contemporary functionalist theorists, deviance is universal. Which of the following functions does deviance not serve?

In relation to the symbolic interactionist perspectives on deviance, compare sociologist Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory and criminologist Ronald Akers' differential reinforcement theory.

__________ is based on the assumption that offenders who are detained in prison or are executed will be unable to commit additional crimes.

Which of the following crimes is not considered to be a felony?

According to sociologist Walter Reckless' __________ theory, society produces pushes and pulls that move people toward criminal behavior; however, some people "insulate" themselves from such pressures by having positive self-esteem and good group cohesion.

According to sociologist Lewis Yablonsky, today's gangs have become more varied in their activities and are more likely to engage in interracial conflicts; whereas, minority gangs in the past tended to band together to defend their turf from gangs of different racial and ethnic backgrounds.

According to sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.

Sociologist Walter Reckless stated that society produces pushes and pulls that move people toward criminal behavior; however, many people do not resort to deviance because of inner containments-such as supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others.

Discuss the functions of deviance according to sociologist Emile Durkheim.

Differentiate between the major components of sociologist Walter Reckless' social control theory, sociologist Travis Hirschi's social bonding theory, and the labeling theory.

Briefly discuss the issue of graffiti and how gangs use it and what law enforcement agencies recommend for decreasing this behavior.

Research shows that __________ are more likely to be perceived as members of the dangerous classes and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts.

According to research conducted by sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, __________ gangs emerge in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities.

Terrorism is the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective.

The __________ views the cause of women's crime as originating in patriarchy (male domination over females). This approach focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences and shows how exploitation may trigger deviant behavior and criminal activities.