Exam 6: Deviance and Crime.

A __________ is a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year in jail.

Of all factors associated with crime, the age of the offender is one of the most significant. Arrest rates for violent crime and property crime are highest for people between the ages of __________.

A youngster living in the ghetto is unlikely to become wealthy through a Harvard education, but some of his desires may be met through behaviors like theft, drug dealing, and robbery. This example illustrates __________.

In contemporary societies, the criminal justice system, which includes the police, the courts, and the prisons, is the primary mechanism of __________ social control.

Sociologist Regina Arnold examined the relationship between women's earlier victimization in their family and their subsequent involvement in the criminal justice system. She attributes many of the women's offenses to living in families in which sexual abuse, incest, and other violence left them few choices except to engage in deviance.

Explain the nature of deviance and describe its most common forms.

The fact that drug laws enacted early in the 20ᵗʰ century were actively enforced in an effort to control immigrant workers, especially the Chinese, who were being exploited by the railroads and other industries, illustrates __________.

__________ seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational or educational training. Offenders are treated, not punished, so that they will not continue their criminal activity.

The __________ feminist approach explains women's deviance and crime as a rational response to the gender discrimination that women experience in families and the workplace.

Trafficking across nations' borders in drugs, weapons, and nuclear weapons is an example of __________ crime.

Historically, punishment has had four major goals. Which of the following Is not one of the major goals identified in the text?

A __________ is a serious crime for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year's imprisonment to death.

Compare the key components of sociologist Edwin Sutherland's differential association and criminologist Ronald Akers' differential reinforcement theory.

Deviance is relative-that is, an act becomes deviant when it is socially defined as such. Definitions of deviance vary widely from place to place, from time to time, and from group to group.

Explain why official crime statistics may not be an accurate reflection of the actual number and kinds of crimes committed in the United States.

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store but not be apprehended or labeled as a deviant. The person may subsequently decide to forgo such behavior in the future. This example illustrates what stage of deviance?

Data collected for the Juvenile Court Statistics Program reflect class and racial bias in criminal justice enforcement. Children from minority, poor families are more likely to have their cases handled outside the juvenile justice system.

__________ crime refers to illegal acts committed by an organization's employees on behalf of the organization and with its support. These crimes are a result of deliberate decisions made by personnel to enhance resources or profits at the expense of competitors, consumers, and the general public.

__________ is the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective.

Outline the four major goals of punishment: retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation.