Question 1

Compare and contrast negative reinforcement versus avoidance.
NOW PLEASE EXPLAIN YOU ANSWER!!!

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement and avoidance are both methods of behavior modification, but they have some key differences.

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of a negative stimulus in order to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior. For example, if a child cleans their room to avoid being scolded by their parents, the removal of the potential scolding serves as negative reinforcement for the cleaning behavior. In this case, the behavior is strengthened because it leads to the removal of an aversive stimulus.

On the other hand, avoidance involves the prevention of exposure to a negative stimulus in order to maintain a desired behavior. For example, if a person avoids going to a certain restaurant because they had a bad experience there, their avoidance of the restaurant is motivated by the desire to avoid the negative experience. In this case, the behavior is maintained because it prevents exposure to an aversive stimulus.

In summary, negative reinforcement involves the removal of a negative stimulus to increase a behavior, while avoidance involves the prevention of exposure to a negative stimulus to maintain a behavior. Both methods involve the use of negative stimuli to influence behavior, but they differ in terms of the specific relationship between the behavior and the negative stimulus.

Question 2

Fill in the empty boxes (yes, nature abhors an empty box).
-Diagram an avoidance contingency to ensure students stay on task.

Accepted Answer

NA

Question 3

What is the crucial difference between an SD and a warning stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  The presence of an SD means that if the response does not occur, the aversive outcome will occur. The presence of a warning stimulus means that a specific outcome may occur only if the response occurs. 
B)  The presence of a warning stimulus means that if the response does not occur, the aversive outcome will occur. The presence of an SD means that a specific outcome may occur only if the response does occur. 
C)  The SD is removed contingent on the response, whereas the warning stimulus remains in place regardless of whether the response has occurred. 
D)  A & C 
E)  Are you serious!? They have nothing in common. 
A)  The presence of an SD means that if the response does not occur, the aversive outcome will occur. The presence of a warning stimulus means that a specific outcome may occur only if the response occurs. 
B)  The presence of a warning stimulus means that if the response does not occur, the aversive outcome will occur. The presence of an SD means that a specific outcome may occur only if the response does occur. 
C)  The SD is removed contingent on the response, whereas the warning stimulus remains in place regardless of whether the response has occurred. 
D)  A & C 
E)  Are you serious!? They have nothing in common. B

Question 4

With a concrete example, compare and contrast avoidance of a negative reinforcer and punishment by the presentation of a negative reinforcer.
$\bullet$Use the dead-man test.
$\bullet$Is the so-called punished response class so infinitely large that it's not useful to think of it as a punishable response class? Explain.

Accepted Answer

Avoidance of a negative reinforcer and p

Question 5

What contingency was used to improve Jimmy's eye contact, which improved his instruction following? (Foxx, 1977)

Accepted Answer

A)  Avoidance of an aversive condition 
B)  Avoidance of the loss of a reinforcer 
C)  Punishment 
D)  Penalty 
A)  Avoidance of an aversive condition 
B)  Avoidance of the loss of a reinforcer 
C)  Punishment 
D)  Penalty

Question 6

Match the numbers in the boxes to the words that go in those boxes to diagram a specific example of cued avoidance in the Skinner box.
  
-____No buzz

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the numbers in the boxes to...

Question 7

Match the numbers in the boxes to the words that go in those boxes to diagram the pairing procedure for converting a buzzer into a learned aversive stimulus in the Skinner box.
(Not all the terms will be used)
  
-___ Buzz

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the numbers in the boxes to...

Question 8

Fill in the Blank
-Avoidance-of-loss contingency
• Response-contingent
• prevention of ______________________________
• of a __________________________
• resulting in an ________________________ frequency of that response.

Accepted Answer

Avoidance-of-loss contingency•

Question 9

Give a brief example of each of the following
-Warning stimulus

Accepted Answer

A warning stimulus is a cue or signal th

Question 10

What was the contingency used with remedial summer school students to increase on task behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Punishment of goofing off by presenting reprimands 
B)  Avoidance of reprimands 
A)  Punishment of goofing off by presenting reprimands 
B)  Avoidance of reprimands

Question 11

What's the general rule for great new ideas?

Accepted Answer

The general rule for great new ideas is

Question 12

When Sid rode his bike carefully; he avoided losing the ice-cream cone he was holding. What kind of avoidance contingency is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Non-continuous avoidance (non-continuous is not the same as non-cued) 
B)  Continuous avoidance 
C)  Discrete-trial avoidance 
A)  Non-continuous avoidance (non-continuous is not the same as non-cued) 
B)  Continuous avoidance 
C)  Discrete-trial avoidance

Question 13

According to the text, new ideas rarely work until you've revised them at least three times.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Using two concreate example (e.g., the on-task contingency and the spitball contingency), compare and contrast avoidance of the loss of a reinforcer and punishment by the removal of a reinforcer.
$\bullet$Show how each contingency fits the appropriate cells in the preceding table.
$\bullet$Use the dead-man test.
$\bullet$Is the non-avoidance response class so infinitely large that it's not useful to think of it as a punishable response class? Explain.

Accepted Answer

Avoidance of the loss of a reinforcer an

Question 15

Suppose the shock-shock interval is 20 seconds. So every 20 seconds, a shock just occurs. If the rat presses the lever every 19.9999 seconds, no shock will occur. The conditions stay the same. What's the contingency?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval avoidance 
B)  fixed-time avoidance 
C)  cued avoidance 
D)  non-cued avoidance 
A)  fixed-interval avoidance 
B)  fixed-time avoidance 
C)  cued avoidance 
D)  non-cued avoidance

Question 16

Match the numbers in the boxes to the words that go in those boxes to diagram a specific example of cued avoidance in the Skinner box.
  
-____Won’t be shocked in 3 seconds

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the numbers in the boxes to...

Question 17

Give a brief example of each of the following
-Avoidance contingency

Accepted Answer

An avoidance contingency is a type of op

Question 18

Please match the following definitions with the terms below. (Not all of the terms will necessarily be used. In fact, some may be fictitious.)
-Avoidance contingency

Accepted Answer

A) Response-contingent prevention of a negative reinforcer resulting in an increased frequency of that response. 
B) Response-contingent prevention of loss of a reinforcer resulting in an increased frequency of that response. 
C) A stimulus that precedes a negative reinforcer and thus becomes a conditioned negative reinforcer. 
A) Response-contingent prevention of a negative reinforcer resulting in an increased frequency of that response. 
B) Response-contingent prevention of loss of a reinforcer resulting in an increased frequency of that response. 
C) A stimulus that precedes a negative reinforcer and thus becomes a conditioned negative reinforcer.

Question 19

An effective approach to reducing work-place injuries is to pay workers a bonus, when they don't have injuries.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Fill in the empty boxes (yes, nature abhors an empty box).
-Diagram an avoidance contingency for good driving.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Fill in the empty boxes (yes, nature...

Exam 17: Avoidance

Compare and contrast negative reinforcement versus avoidance. NOW PLEASE EXPLAIN YOU ANSWER!!!

Fill in the empty boxes (yes, nature abhors an empty box). -Diagram an avoidance contingency to ensure students stay on task.

What is the crucial difference between an SD and a warning stimulus?

What contingency was used to improve Jimmy's eye contact, which improved his instruction following? (Foxx, 1977)

Match the numbers in the boxes to the words that go in those boxes to diagram a specific example of cued avoidance in the Skinner box. -____No buzz

Match the numbers in the boxes to the words that go in those boxes to diagram the pairing procedure for converting a buzzer into a learned aversive stimulus in the Skinner box. (Not all the terms will be used) -___ Buzz

Fill in the Blank -Avoidance-of-loss contingency • Response-contingent • prevention of ______________________________ • of a __________________________ • resulting in an ________________________ frequency of that response.

Give a brief example of each of the following -Warning stimulus

What was the contingency used with remedial summer school students to increase on task behavior?

What's the general rule for great new ideas?

When Sid rode his bike carefully; he avoided losing the ice-cream cone he was holding. What kind of avoidance contingency is this?

According to the text, new ideas rarely work until you've revised them at least three times.

Suppose the shock-shock interval is 20 seconds. So every 20 seconds, a shock just occurs. If the rat presses the lever every 19.9999 seconds, no shock will occur. The conditions stay the same. What's the contingency?

Match the numbers in the boxes to the words that go in those boxes to diagram a specific example of cued avoidance in the Skinner box. -____Won’t be shocked in 3 seconds

Give a brief example of each of the following -Avoidance contingency

Please match the following definitions with the terms below. (Not all of the terms will necessarily be used. In fact, some may be fictitious.) -Avoidance contingency

An effective approach to reducing work-place injuries is to pay workers a bonus, when they don't have injuries.

Fill in the empty boxes (yes, nature abhors an empty box). -Diagram an avoidance contingency for good driving.

Respondent Conditioning

Operant Conditioning for Dummies Part I

Operant Conditioning for Dummies Part II

Research Methods

The Philosophy Supporting Behavior Analysis

Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Positive Punishment

Negative Punishment

Extinction and Recovery

Differential Reinforcement and Differential Punishment

Unconditioned and Conditioned Reinforcers and Punishers

Motivating Operations

Basic Stimulus Control

Complex Stimulus Control

Imitation

Shaping

Behavioral Chains

Ratio Schedules

Time-Based Schedules

Concurrent Contingences

Maintenance and Transfer

Verbal Behavior

Rule-Governed Behavior: Concepts and Applications

Rule-Governed Behavior: Theory

Filters

What is the crucial difference between an S^D and a warning stimulus?

Fill in the Blank -Avoidance-of-loss contingency • Response-contingent • prevention of ____ • of a • resulting in an frequency of that response.