Question 1

Controlled investigations into the reliability of children's eyewitness testimony suggest that

Accepted Answer

A)  children are more likely to omit certain details than they are to introduce false information. 
B)  the younger the child (up to age 3), the more accurate the recall is likely to be. 
C)  young children are less likely to incorporate the implications of leading questions into subsequent testimony than are adults. 
D)  children appear to be particularly poor at memory for faces. 
A)  children are more likely to omit certain details than they are to introduce false information. 
B)  the younger the child (up to age 3), the more accurate the recall is likely to be. 
C)  young children are less likely to incorporate the implications of leading questions into subsequent testimony than are adults. 
D)  children appear to be particularly poor at memory for faces.

Question 2

The dimension-change card sort is used to study

Accepted Answer

A)  arithmetic ability. 
B)  stereotyped sex differences. 
C)  rule-based reasoning. 
D)  attention. 
A)  arithmetic ability. 
B)  stereotyped sex differences. 
C)  rule-based reasoning. 
D)  attention.

Question 3

Metacognition refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  knowledge about memory. 
B)  cognitions that are mathematical in nature. 
C)  thoughts about mental or psychological phenomena. 
D)  effects of a general knowledge system about how information is interpreted and remembered. 
A)  knowledge about memory. 
B)  cognitions that are mathematical in nature. 
C)  thoughts about mental or psychological phenomena. 
D)  effects of a general knowledge system about how information is interpreted and remembered.

Question 4

Flavell and his colleagues asked 5-, 7-, and 10-year-olds to participate in a memory task. Each participant was shown an array of 7 pictures, and a subset of the 7 was pointed to on a given trial. The participants were told to remember the subset of pictures in order. These researchers found that:

Accepted Answer

A)  there was a utilization deficiency; children who rehearsed did not remember more. 
B)  there was a production deficiency; children who knew how to rehearse didn't use rehearsal. 
C)  surprisingly, there was no age difference in performance. 
D)  surprisingly, even the 5-year-olds used elaboration. 
A)  there was a utilization deficiency; children who rehearsed did not remember more. 
B)  there was a production deficiency; children who knew how to rehearse didn't use rehearsal. 
C)  surprisingly, there was no age difference in performance. 
D)  surprisingly, even the 5-year-olds used elaboration.

Question 5

Jennifer has to remember the grocery list which includes salt, sugar, cumin, milk, yogurt, cheese, apples, celery, and carrots. She remembers condiments, dairy, and produce. This example best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  automatization. 
B)  encoding. 
C)  strategy construction. 
D)  strategy selection. 
A)  automatization. 
B)  encoding. 
C)  strategy construction. 
D)  strategy selection.

Question 6

Suppose that you witnessed a hold-up at a bank, and you were later asked to identify the robber in a police line up. This identification of the robber from a line up of people involves

Accepted Answer

A)  recall memory. 
B)  recognition memory. 
C)  constructive memory. 
D)  event memory. 
A)  recall memory. 
B)  recognition memory. 
C)  constructive memory. 
D)  event memory.

Question 7

In one study, children as young as 3 years of age had to keep track of a toy dog that was hidden under one of several cups. What memory strategy did the children use to help them remember where the dog was hidden?

Accepted Answer

A)  The children rehearsed the location out loud. 
B)  The children sat with their eyes and a finger fixed on the cup where the dog was hidden. 
C)  The children placed a raisin on top of the cup with the dog. 
D)  The children did not use any strategies to help them remember where the dog was hidden. 
A)  The children rehearsed the location out loud. 
B)  The children sat with their eyes and a finger fixed on the cup where the dog was hidden. 
C)  The children placed a raisin on top of the cup with the dog. 
D)  The children did not use any strategies to help them remember where the dog was hidden.

Question 8

How do "constructive memory" processes change with age?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children's memory becomes more accurate and less affected by prior knowledge. 
B)  Children become increasingly likely to rely on what they know to draw inferences beyond the information given. 
C)  Children draw fewer inferences from the information given. 
D)  As one's knowledge base increases, the ability to remember events literally (like a video recorder) increases. 
A)  Children's memory becomes more accurate and less affected by prior knowledge. 
B)  Children become increasingly likely to rely on what they know to draw inferences beyond the information given. 
C)  Children draw fewer inferences from the information given. 
D)  As one's knowledge base increases, the ability to remember events literally (like a video recorder) increases.

Question 9

Constructive memory involves the use of

Accepted Answer

A)  scripts for sequences of familiar actions or routine events in a familiar context. 
B)  pre-existing knowledge to interpret information that is taken in. 
C)  specific, personal, and long-lasting memories about the self. 
D)  a past stimulus when the stimulus is no longer present. 
A)  scripts for sequences of familiar actions or routine events in a familiar context. 
B)  pre-existing knowledge to interpret information that is taken in. 
C)  specific, personal, and long-lasting memories about the self. 
D)  a past stimulus when the stimulus is no longer present.

Question 10

Thirteen-month-olds can remember and imitate simple sequences of action such as how to give teddy a bath (first place in tub, then wash with a sponge, then dry with a towel). This example suggests that ___________ have their origins in infancy.

Accepted Answer

A)  scripts 
B)  categorization abilities 
C)  metamemory skills 
D)  problem-solving strategies 
A)  scripts 
B)  categorization abilities 
C)  metamemory skills 
D)  problem-solving strategies

Question 11

Memory for the arrangement of chess pieces on a checkerboard has been used to assess

Accepted Answer

A)  eyewitness memory. 
B)  expertise. 
C)  constructive memory. 
D)  utilization deficiency. 
A)  eyewitness memory. 
B)  expertise. 
C)  constructive memory. 
D)  utilization deficiency.

Question 12

Three-year-old children heard a story about a genie who needed to transport some jewels over a wall and into a bottle. The genie solved her problem by rolling up a piece of poster board so that it formed a tube, placing one end of the tube in the mouth of the bottle, and rolling the jewels through the tube and into the bottle. After hearing this story, three-year-old children

Accepted Answer

A)  successfully generalized what they learned in this story to a similar story. 
B)  were able to suggest a similar solution to the Easter Bunny, who needed to transport his eggs across a river and into a basket on the other side. 
C)  showed that they could solve analogies. 
D)  were not able to suggest a similar solution to the Easter Bunny, who needed to transport his eggs across a river and into a basket on the other side. However, five-year-olds were able to suggest a similar solution to the Easter Bunny. 
A)  successfully generalized what they learned in this story to a similar story. 
B)  were able to suggest a similar solution to the Easter Bunny, who needed to transport his eggs across a river and into a basket on the other side. 
C)  showed that they could solve analogies. 
D)  were not able to suggest a similar solution to the Easter Bunny, who needed to transport his eggs across a river and into a basket on the other side. However, five-year-olds were able to suggest a similar solution to the Easter Bunny.

Question 13

The last memory strategy to appear in children's repertoire is

Accepted Answer

A)  elaboration. 
B)  organization. 
C)  categorization. 
D)  rehearsal. 
A)  elaboration. 
B)  organization. 
C)  categorization. 
D)  rehearsal.

Question 14

In their first half of life, infants' memories are not as developed as are those of older infants. Which modification to research procedures has resulted in the earliest indication of a long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Employing speech stimuli 
B)  Employing dynamic, moving stimuli 
C)  Employing face stimuli 
D)  Employing mobiles as stimuli 
A)  Employing speech stimuli 
B)  Employing dynamic, moving stimuli 
C)  Employing face stimuli 
D)  Employing mobiles as stimuli

Question 15

One- and two-day-old infants received a sucrose solution. The sucrose served as an unconditioned stimulus that elicited the unconditioned response of sucking. Milliseconds before the delivery of sucrose, the experimenter stroked the baby's forehead. Eventually, to the stroke of the forehead, the baby would suck. The conditioned stimulus is

Accepted Answer

A)  the stroke of the forehead. 
B)  the sucrose alone. 
C)  the experimenter. 
D)  dextrose. 
A)  the stroke of the forehead. 
B)  the sucrose alone. 
C)  the experimenter. 
D)  dextrose.

Question 16

Siegler and colleagues studied children's use of strategies on arithmetic problems and found that

Accepted Answer

A)  children of a given age do not vary much in the strategies they prefer and the skill with which they execute those strategies. 
B)  children at any point in development may employ a number of different strategies, sometimes using one approach and at other times using another. 
C)  with development, there is a progression from less efficient to more efficient strategies, but this is the exception rather than the rule. 
D)  All of the alternatives are correct. 
A)  children of a given age do not vary much in the strategies they prefer and the skill with which they execute those strategies. 
B)  children at any point in development may employ a number of different strategies, sometimes using one approach and at other times using another. 
C)  with development, there is a progression from less efficient to more efficient strategies, but this is the exception rather than the rule. 
D)  All of the alternatives are correct.

Question 17

The term flowchart and the concept of a computer metaphor are related most to

Accepted Answer

A)  learning theory. 
B)  the nurture perspective. 
C)  environmental/learning theory. 
D)  information processing. 
A)  learning theory. 
B)  the nurture perspective. 
C)  environmental/learning theory. 
D)  information processing.

Question 18

The statement there is no autobiographical memory for the events of infancy refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  prospective recall. 
B)  infantile amnesia. 
C)  retroactive memory. 
D)  the conjugate reinforcement technique. 
A)  prospective recall. 
B)  infantile amnesia. 
C)  retroactive memory. 
D)  the conjugate reinforcement technique.

Question 19

Compare and contrast the flow chart model, the computer simulation model, and connectionism.

Accepted Answer

The flow chart model, the computer simul

Question 20

Ryan, a second grader, is practicing his spelling with his father when he comes across a new word he has not heard before. According to the flowchart metaphor, where does this new word that he has just heard enter first?

Accepted Answer

A)  Visual register 
B)  Auditory register 
C)  Short-term memory (working memory) 
D)  Response-generating mechanism 
A)  Visual register 
B)  Auditory register 
C)  Short-term memory (working memory) 
D)  Response-generating mechanism

Controlled investigations into the reliability of children's eyewitness testimony suggest that

The dimension-change card sort is used to study

Metacognition refers to

Flavell and his colleagues asked 5-, 7-, and 10-year-olds to participate in a memory task. Each participant was shown an array of 7 pictures, and a subset of the 7 was pointed to on a given trial. The participants were told to remember the subset of pictures in order. These researchers found that:

Jennifer has to remember the grocery list which includes salt, sugar, cumin, milk, yogurt, cheese, apples, celery, and carrots. She remembers condiments, dairy, and produce. This example best illustrates

Suppose that you witnessed a hold-up at a bank, and you were later asked to identify the robber in a police line up. This identification of the robber from a line up of people involves

In one study, children as young as 3 years of age had to keep track of a toy dog that was hidden under one of several cups. What memory strategy did the children use to help them remember where the dog was hidden?

How do "constructive memory" processes change with age?

Constructive memory involves the use of

Thirteen-month-olds can remember and imitate simple sequences of action such as how to give teddy a bath (first place in tub, then wash with a sponge, then dry with a towel). This example suggests that ___________ have their origins in infancy.

Memory for the arrangement of chess pieces on a checkerboard has been used to assess

The last memory strategy to appear in children's repertoire is

In their first half of life, infants' memories are not as developed as are those of older infants. Which modification to research procedures has resulted in the earliest indication of a long-term memory?

Siegler and colleagues studied children's use of strategies on arithmetic problems and found that

The term flowchart and the concept of a computer metaphor are related most to

The statement there is no autobiographical memory for the events of infancy refers to

Compare and contrast the flow chart model, the computer simulation model, and connectionism.

Ryan, a second grader, is practicing his spelling with his father when he comes across a new word he has not heard before. According to the flowchart metaphor, where does this new word that he has just heard enter first?

Background and Theories

Research Methods

Genetics: The Biological Context of Development

Prenatal Development

Physical Development: Birth, Motor Skills, and Growth

Neural and Brain Development

Language Development

Sensory and Perceptual Development

Cognitive Development: Piagetian and Vygotskian Approaches

Intelligence and Schooling

Early Social and Emotional Development

Development of the Self

Moral Development

Families and Peers

Gender-Role Development and Sex Differences

Filters

Exam 9: Cognitive Development: The Information-Processing Approach

Controlled investigations into the reliability of children's eyewitness testimony suggest that

The dimension-change card sort is used to study

Metacognition refers to

Flavell and his colleagues asked 5-, 7-, and 10-year-olds to participate in a memory task. Each participant was shown an array of 7 pictures, and a subset of the 7 was pointed to on a given trial. The participants were told to remember the subset of pictures in order. These researchers found that:

Jennifer has to remember the grocery list which includes salt, sugar, cumin, milk, yogurt, cheese, apples, celery, and carrots. She remembers condiments, dairy, and produce. This example best illustrates

Suppose that you witnessed a hold-up at a bank, and you were later asked to identify the robber in a police line up. This identification of the robber from a line up of people involves

In one study, children as young as 3 years of age had to keep track of a toy dog that was hidden under one of several cups. What memory strategy did the children use to help them remember where the dog was hidden?

How do "constructive memory" processes change with age?

Constructive memory involves the use of

Thirteen-month-olds can remember and imitate simple sequences of action such as how to give teddy a bath (first place in tub, then wash with a sponge, then dry with a towel). This example suggests that ___________ have their origins in infancy.

Memory for the arrangement of chess pieces on a checkerboard has been used to assess

The last memory strategy to appear in children's repertoire is

In their first half of life, infants' memories are not as developed as are those of older infants. Which modification to research procedures has resulted in the earliest indication of a long-term memory?

Siegler and colleagues studied children's use of strategies on arithmetic problems and found that

The term flowchart and the concept of a computer metaphor are related most to

The statement there is no autobiographical memory for the events of infancy refers to

Compare and contrast the flow chart model, the computer simulation model, and connectionism.

Ryan, a second grader, is practicing his spelling with his father when he comes across a new word he has not heard before. According to the flowchart metaphor, where does this new word that he has just heard enter first?

Background and Theories

Research Methods

Genetics: The Biological Context of Development

Prenatal Development

Physical Development: Birth, Motor Skills, and Growth

Neural and Brain Development

Language Development

Sensory and Perceptual Development

Cognitive Development: Piagetian and Vygotskian Approaches

Intelligence and Schooling

Early Social and Emotional Development

Development of the Self

Moral Development

Families and Peers

Gender-Role Development and Sex Differences

Filters