Question 1

"I thought about it and decided what to do." Why would behaviorists reject that statement?​

Accepted Answer

A) Behaviorists care about animal behavior and not human behavior. 
B) Your thoughts did not cause the action, because events caused your thoughts.​ 
C) Behaviorists rely entirely on explanations in terms of brain activity.​ 
D) Behaviorists explain behavior in terms of unconscious thoughts, not conscious ones.​ 
A) Behaviorists care about animal behavior and not human behavior. 
B) Your thoughts did not cause the action, because events caused your thoughts.​ 
C) Behaviorists rely entirely on explanations in terms of brain activity.​ 
D) Behaviorists explain behavior in terms of unconscious thoughts, not conscious ones.​

Question 2

Because of a shortage of apples,your local store will sell you only one per day.Which schedule of reinforcement is this?​

Accepted Answer

A) Fixed-interval 
B) Variable-interval​ 
C) Fixed-ratio​ 
D) Variable-ratio​ 
A) Fixed-interval 
B) Variable-interval​ 
C) Fixed-ratio​ 
D) Variable-ratio​

Question 3

​After classically conditioning some response,what procedure leads to extinction?

Accepted Answer

A) Ceasing all exposure to both the CS and the UCS 
B) ​Punishing all responses to the CS 
C) ​Presenting the UCS without the CS 
D) Presenting the CS without the UCS​ 
A) Ceasing all exposure to both the CS and the UCS 
B) ​Punishing all responses to the CS 
C) ​Presenting the UCS without the CS 
D) Presenting the CS without the UCS​

Question 4

Behaviorism began as a protest against psychologists who tried to study what?​

Accepted Answer

A) Reflexive acts 
B) Evolution​ 
C) Animal learning​ 
D) ​Mental states 
A) Reflexive acts 
B) Evolution​ 
C) Animal learning​ 
D) ​Mental states

Question 5

​What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) In operant conditioning, the animal receives rewards instead of punishments. 
B) In operant conditioning, the animal's behavior controls the outcome.​ 
C) In operant conditioning, the animal associates one stimulus with another stimulus.​ 
D) In operant conditioning, the animal receives reinforcement on every trial, not just some.​ 
A) In operant conditioning, the animal receives rewards instead of punishments. 
B) In operant conditioning, the animal's behavior controls the outcome.​ 
C) In operant conditioning, the animal associates one stimulus with another stimulus.​ 
D) In operant conditioning, the animal receives reinforcement on every trial, not just some.​

Question 6

​You learn to make a series of responses,such as turning on a computer,opening a file,typing,saving,printing,and handing in your work.This makes use of what principle of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Negative reinforcement 
B) ​Variable-interval schedule of reinforcement 
C) ​Chaining 
D) Disequilibrium​ 
A) Negative reinforcement 
B) ​Variable-interval schedule of reinforcement 
C) ​Chaining 
D) Disequilibrium​

Question 7

​Which of these is central to applied behavior analysis?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypnosis 
B) Operant conditioning​ 
C) Psychoanalysis​ 
D) ​Recordings of brain activity 
A) Hypnosis 
B) Operant conditioning​ 
C) Psychoanalysis​ 
D) ​Recordings of brain activity

Question 8

What is meant by the term secondary reinforcer?​

Accepted Answer

A) An item that became reinforcing by association with something else 
B) The process that occurs when you watch someone else receive reinforcement​ 
C) An item that reinforces some behaviors and not others​ 
D) An item that provides only weak and temporary reinforcement​ 
A) An item that became reinforcing by association with something else 
B) The process that occurs when you watch someone else receive reinforcement​ 
C) An item that reinforces some behaviors and not others​ 
D) An item that provides only weak and temporary reinforcement​

Question 9

Rats drink saccharin-flavored water,hear loud noises,and see bright lights.Some of the rats are made nauseated and others get electric shocks.What happens?​

Accepted Answer

A) All the rats learn to avoid saccharin, loud noises, and bright lights equally. 
B) Rats receiving shock learn to avoid all three equally. Those made nauseous avoid nothing.​ 
C) The nauseated rats avoid the lights and noises, and the shocked rats avoid the taste.​ 
D) ​The nauseated rats avoid the taste, and the shocked rats avoid the lights and noises. 
A) All the rats learn to avoid saccharin, loud noises, and bright lights equally. 
B) Rats receiving shock learn to avoid all three equally. Those made nauseous avoid nothing.​ 
C) The nauseated rats avoid the lights and noises, and the shocked rats avoid the taste.​ 
D) ​The nauseated rats avoid the taste, and the shocked rats avoid the lights and noises.

Question 10

Someone who became nauseated after eating a mushroom also avoids a similar but harmless mushroom.This behavior is an example of what?​

Accepted Answer

A) Stimulus generalization 
B) Stimulus discrimination​ 
C) Spontaneous recovery​ 
D) Extinction​ 
A) Stimulus generalization 
B) Stimulus discrimination​ 
C) Spontaneous recovery​ 
D) Extinction​

Question 11

Who discovered classical conditioning?​

Accepted Answer

A) Ivan Pavlov 
B) ​B. F. Skinner 
C) Edward Thorndike​ 
D) Jean Piaget​ 
A) Ivan Pavlov 
B) ​B. F. Skinner 
C) Edward Thorndike​ 
D) Jean Piaget​

Question 12

According to Pavlov,which of the following is essential for classical conditioning?​

Accepted Answer

A) The learner must understand the relationship between the CS and UCS. 
B) The CS and UCS must occur at almost the same time.​ 
C) The CS must physically resemble the UCS.​ 
D) The UCS must occur before the CS.​ 
A) The learner must understand the relationship between the CS and UCS. 
B) The CS and UCS must occur at almost the same time.​ 
C) The CS must physically resemble the UCS.​ 
D) The UCS must occur before the CS.​

Question 13

According to Jacques Loeb,an early behaviorist,why do certain animals turn toward the light?​

Accepted Answer

A) Even invertebrates such as caterpillars have desires and purposes. 
B) ​Even invertebrates such as caterpillars learn by copying others' behaviors. 
C) Animals that approach the light are afraid of the dark.​ 
D) Light causes more muscle tension on one side than the other.​ 
A) Even invertebrates such as caterpillars have desires and purposes. 
B) ​Even invertebrates such as caterpillars learn by copying others' behaviors. 
C) Animals that approach the light are afraid of the dark.​ 
D) Light causes more muscle tension on one side than the other.​

Question 14

An experimenter trains a rat to sit up,then to sit and raise one arm,then to wait for music before sitting up,and so forth.Eventually the rat responds to the "Star Spangled Banner" by raising the flag and saluting.This procedure combines which two procedures?​

Accepted Answer

A) Shaping and chaining 
B) Classical conditioning and operant conditioning​ 
C) Generalization and discrimination​ 
D) Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement​ 
A) Shaping and chaining 
B) Classical conditioning and operant conditioning​ 
C) Generalization and discrimination​ 
D) Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement​

Question 15

Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm.Initially that sound didn't waken you,but now it does,due to classical conditioning.What is waking up?​

Accepted Answer

A) Conditioned stimulus 
B) Unconditioned stimulus​ 
C) ​Both conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus 
D) Both conditioned response and unconditioned response​ 
A) Conditioned stimulus 
B) Unconditioned stimulus​ 
C) ​Both conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus 
D) Both conditioned response and unconditioned response​

Question 16

Many cancer patients lose their appetite for many foods after radiation therapy.What is a way to preserve their appetite?​

Accepted Answer

A) Heat all meals to a higher than usual temperature. 
B) ​Eat small but frequent meals, always in a social atmosphere. 
C) Increase the amount of spiciness, and decrease total calories.​ 
D) ​Always eat the same "scapegoat" food prior to radiation. 
A) Heat all meals to a higher than usual temperature. 
B) ​Eat small but frequent meals, always in a social atmosphere. 
C) Increase the amount of spiciness, and decrease total calories.​ 
D) ​Always eat the same "scapegoat" food prior to radiation.

Question 17

If one tone predicts food (causing conditioned salivation),and a different tone does not,what happens?​

Accepted Answer

A) Discrimination 
B) Stimulus generalization​ 
C) Spontaneous recovery​ 
D) Variable-interval responding​ 
A) Discrimination 
B) Stimulus generalization​ 
C) Spontaneous recovery​ 
D) Variable-interval responding​

Question 18

Oblivia and her sister Deliria take the same classes.In the past,teachers praised Oblivia every time she spoke in class,but they praised Deliria only occasionally.This year,teachers never praise either one.What will happen?​

Accepted Answer

A) Obivia will give up more quickly. 
B) Deliria will give up more quickly.​ 
C) Both will give up equally fast.​ 
D) Whoever is the younger one will give up more quickly.​ 
A) Obivia will give up more quickly. 
B) Deliria will give up more quickly.​ 
C) Both will give up equally fast.​ 
D) Whoever is the younger one will give up more quickly.​

Question 19

What is the first step in the "shaping" procedure to teach a rat to press a lever?​

Accepted Answer

A) Reinforce a simple behavior such as sitting up. 
B) Mold the rat's body into the correct position to press the lever.​ 
C) Press the lever a few times yourself, to show how it works.​ 
D) Electrically stimulate the motor cortex of the rat.​ 
A) Reinforce a simple behavior such as sitting up. 
B) Mold the rat's body into the correct position to press the lever.​ 
C) Press the lever a few times yourself, to show how it works.​ 
D) Electrically stimulate the motor cortex of the rat.​

Question 20

A nursing mother puts her baby to the breast as soon as she hears it cry.After a few days,the baby's cry causes her milk to flow.What is the conditioned stimulus?​

Accepted Answer

A) The mother 
B) The flow of milk​ 
C) The baby's cry​ 
D) The baby sucking​ 
A) The mother 
B) The flow of milk​ 
C) The baby's cry​ 
D) The baby sucking​

Exam 6: Learning

"I thought about it and decided what to do." Why would behaviorists reject that statement?​

Because of a shortage of apples,your local store will sell you only one per day.Which schedule of reinforcement is this?​

​After classically conditioning some response,what procedure leads to extinction?

Behaviorism began as a protest against psychologists who tried to study what?​

​What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

​You learn to make a series of responses,such as turning on a computer,opening a file,typing,saving,printing,and handing in your work.This makes use of what principle of operant conditioning?

​Which of these is central to applied behavior analysis?

What is meant by the term secondary reinforcer?​

Rats drink saccharin-flavored water,hear loud noises,and see bright lights.Some of the rats are made nauseated and others get electric shocks.What happens?​

Someone who became nauseated after eating a mushroom also avoids a similar but harmless mushroom.This behavior is an example of what?​

Who discovered classical conditioning?​

According to Pavlov,which of the following is essential for classical conditioning?​

According to Jacques Loeb,an early behaviorist,why do certain animals turn toward the light?​

An experimenter trains a rat to sit up,then to sit and raise one arm,then to wait for music before sitting up,and so forth.Eventually the rat responds to the "Star Spangled Banner" by raising the flag and saluting.This procedure combines which two procedures?​

Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm.Initially that sound didn't waken you,but now it does,due to classical conditioning.What is waking up?​

Many cancer patients lose their appetite for many foods after radiation therapy.What is a way to preserve their appetite?​

If one tone predicts food (causing conditioned salivation),and a different tone does not,what happens?​

Oblivia and her sister Deliria take the same classes.In the past,teachers praised Oblivia every time she spoke in class,but they praised Deliria only occasionally.This year,teachers never praise either one.What will happen?​

What is the first step in the "shaping" procedure to teach a rat to press a lever?​

A nursing mother puts her baby to the breast as soon as she hears it cry.After a few days,the baby's cry causes her milk to flow.What is the conditioned stimulus?​

What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A: Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A: Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A: Sensation and Perception

Development

A: Development

A: Learning

Memory

A: Memory

Cognition and Language

A: Cognition and Language

Intelligenceintelligence

A: Intelligence Intelligence

Consciousnessconsciousness

A: Consciousnessconsciousness

Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

A: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

Part 1 Emotions,stress,and Healthemotions,stress,and Health

A: Emotional,stress,and Healthemotional,stress,and Health

Social Psychologysocial Psychology

A: Social Psychologysocial Psychology

Personalitypersonality

A: Personalitypersonality

Part 1 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment

A: Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment

Filters

"I thought about it and decided what to do." Why would behaviorists reject that statement?

Because of a shortage of apples,your local store will sell you only one per day.Which schedule of reinforcement is this?

After classically conditioning some response,what procedure leads to extinction?

Behaviorism began as a protest against psychologists who tried to study what?

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

You learn to make a series of responses,such as turning on a computer,opening a file,typing,saving,printing,and handing in your work.This makes use of what principle of operant conditioning?

Which of these is central to applied behavior analysis?

What is meant by the term secondary reinforcer?

Rats drink saccharin-flavored water,hear loud noises,and see bright lights.Some of the rats are made nauseated and others get electric shocks.What happens?

Someone who became nauseated after eating a mushroom also avoids a similar but harmless mushroom.This behavior is an example of what?

Who discovered classical conditioning?

According to Pavlov,which of the following is essential for classical conditioning?

According to Jacques Loeb,an early behaviorist,why do certain animals turn toward the light?

An experimenter trains a rat to sit up,then to sit and raise one arm,then to wait for music before sitting up,and so forth.Eventually the rat responds to the "Star Spangled Banner" by raising the flag and saluting.This procedure combines which two procedures?

Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm.Initially that sound didn't waken you,but now it does,due to classical conditioning.What is waking up?

Many cancer patients lose their appetite for many foods after radiation therapy.What is a way to preserve their appetite?

If one tone predicts food (causing conditioned salivation),and a different tone does not,what happens?

Oblivia and her sister Deliria take the same classes.In the past,teachers praised Oblivia every time she spoke in class,but they praised Deliria only occasionally.This year,teachers never praise either one.What will happen?

What is the first step in the "shaping" procedure to teach a rat to press a lever?

A nursing mother puts her baby to the breast as soon as she hears it cry.After a few days,the baby's cry causes her milk to flow.What is the conditioned stimulus?