Question 1

Which of these does the social-learning approach NOT emphasize?​

Accepted Answer

A) Classical conditioning 
B) Vicarious reinforcement and punishment​ 
C) Imitation​ 
D) Self-reinforcement​ 
A) Classical conditioning 
B) Vicarious reinforcement and punishment​ 
C) Imitation​ 
D) Self-reinforcement​

Question 2

In Skinner's study,rats were punished when they pressed a bar for food.From the results,Skinner concluded that punishment is ineffective in the long run.What would be a more accurate conclusion?​

Accepted Answer

A) Punishment is ineffective if no other response is available. 
B) Punishment is ineffective if it occurs too rapidly.​ 
C) Punishment is ineffective if it is too intense.​ 
D) Punishment is ineffective at the time, but it exerts stronger effects later.​ 
A) Punishment is ineffective if no other response is available. 
B) Punishment is ineffective if it occurs too rapidly.​ 
C) Punishment is ineffective if it is too intense.​ 
D) Punishment is ineffective at the time, but it exerts stronger effects later.​

Question 3

​What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) In classical conditioning, the animal must move its skeletal muscles. 
B) In classical conditioning, the animal learns rapidly but also forgets rapidly.​ 
C) In classical conditioning, the animal's responses do not control the reinforcements.​ 
D) In classical conditioning, the animal receives rewards instead of punishments.​ 
A) In classical conditioning, the animal must move its skeletal muscles. 
B) In classical conditioning, the animal learns rapidly but also forgets rapidly.​ 
C) In classical conditioning, the animal's responses do not control the reinforcements.​ 
D) In classical conditioning, the animal receives rewards instead of punishments.​

Question 4

​A rat gets light then shock until it responds to the light.Then,it gets light plus tone before shock for additional trials.In later test trials,the rat shows strong reaction to the light and little reaction to the sound.What is this phenomenon called?

Accepted Answer

A) Law of effect 
B) Spontaneous recovery​ 
C) Blocking effect​ 
D) Stimulus generalization​ 
A) Law of effect 
B) Spontaneous recovery​ 
C) Blocking effect​ 
D) Stimulus generalization​

Question 5

​When you successfully key in a telephone number,the reinforcement for hitting a correct number is the opportunity to hit the next number.This series of behaviors illustrates which concept?

Accepted Answer

A) Shaping 
B) Stimulus generalization​ 
C) Chaining​ 
D) Fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement​ 
A) Shaping 
B) Stimulus generalization​ 
C) Chaining​ 
D) Fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement​

Question 6

After Pavlov classically conditioned salivation to a sound,what produced spontaneous recovery?​

Accepted Answer

A) Presenting a similar sound followed by food 
B) Presenting the food without the sound​ 
C) Producing extinction and then waiting before testing again​ 
D) Presenting the sound without food​ 
A) Presenting a similar sound followed by food 
B) Presenting the food without the sound​ 
C) Producing extinction and then waiting before testing again​ 
D) Presenting the sound without food​

Question 7

Applied behavior analysis (or behavior modification)teaches acceptable behaviors by reinforcing simple behaviors and then advancing to more complex behaviors.What does this idea apply?​

Accepted Answer

A) Piaget's concept of conservation 
B) Erikson's stages of development​ 
C) ​Skinner's procedure of shaping 
D) Pavlov's procedure of classical conditioning​ 
A) Piaget's concept of conservation 
B) Erikson's stages of development​ 
C) ​Skinner's procedure of shaping 
D) Pavlov's procedure of classical conditioning​

Question 8

​With which of the following do animals most easily associate a taste?

Accepted Answer

A) Illness 
B) Electrical shock​ 
C) Sounds​ 
D) ​Sexual excitation 
A) Illness 
B) Electrical shock​ 
C) Sounds​ 
D) ​Sexual excitation

Question 9

According to Pavlov,classical conditioning occurs if and only if what happens?​

Accepted Answer

A) The learner increases activity at dopamine synapses. 
B) The learner receives positive reinforcement for a response.​ 
C) ​The learner is conscious of the relationship between the CS and UCS. 
D) ​The CS and UCS occur close together in time. 
A) The learner increases activity at dopamine synapses. 
B) The learner receives positive reinforcement for a response.​ 
C) ​The learner is conscious of the relationship between the CS and UCS. 
D) ​The CS and UCS occur close together in time.

Question 10

​You scan the night sky looking for meteors or comets.They appear at unpredictable times.This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) Fixed-interval 
B) Variable-interval​ 
C) Fixed-ratio​ 
D) Variable-ratio​ 
A) Fixed-interval 
B) Variable-interval​ 
C) Fixed-ratio​ 
D) Variable-ratio​

Question 11

Suppose you try to buy fresh raspberries every day,but your grocery store has them on some days and not others.Which schedule of reinforcement is this?​

Accepted Answer

A) Fixed-interval 
B) Variable-interval​ 
C) Fixed-ratio​ 
D) Variable-ratio​ 
A) Fixed-interval 
B) Variable-interval​ 
C) Fixed-ratio​ 
D) Variable-ratio​

Question 12

According to the social learning perspective,what increases self-efficacy?​

Accepted Answer

A) Threats of punishment 
B) Strictly enforced deadlines​ 
C) Role models similar to yourself​ 
D) High rewards for highly successful performances​ 
A) Threats of punishment 
B) Strictly enforced deadlines​ 
C) Role models similar to yourself​ 
D) High rewards for highly successful performances​

Question 13

Of the following,which is a behaviorist most likely to study?​

Accepted Answer

A) Animal learning 
B) ​Repressed memories 
C) Unconscious thought processes​ 
D) Self-reported mental states​ 
A) Animal learning 
B) ​Repressed memories 
C) Unconscious thought processes​ 
D) Self-reported mental states​

Question 14

A psychologist would use shaping for what purpose?​

Accepted Answer

A) To train an animal to make a new response 
B) To increase social interactions among people from diverse backgrounds​ 
C) To produce an optical illusion​ 
D) To measure people's attitudes and personalities​ 
A) To train an animal to make a new response 
B) To increase social interactions among people from diverse backgrounds​ 
C) To produce an optical illusion​ 
D) To measure people's attitudes and personalities​

Question 15

One persuasion technique began by giving soldiers extra privileges for writing an essay slightly favorable to the captors.Later they shaped the soldiers into greater and greater cooperation.This is a practical application of what?​

Accepted Answer

A) Classical conditioning 
B) Operant conditioning​ 
C) The representativeness heuristic​ 
D) The availability heuristic​ 
A) Classical conditioning 
B) Operant conditioning​ 
C) The representativeness heuristic​ 
D) The availability heuristic​

Question 16

Pavlov believed that a physiological change caused an animal to react to the CS as if it were the UCS.Which of the following is evidence AGAINST that idea?​

Accepted Answer

A) If a sound is paired with food, the CR closely resembles the UCR. 
B) If a sound is paired with shock, the CR does not resemble the UCR.​ 
C) If a sound is paired with a strong shock, conditioning is faster than with a weak shock.​ 
D) If a loud sound is paired with a shock, conditioning is faster than with a soft sound.​ 
A) If a sound is paired with food, the CR closely resembles the UCR. 
B) If a sound is paired with shock, the CR does not resemble the UCR.​ 
C) If a sound is paired with a strong shock, conditioning is faster than with a weak shock.​ 
D) If a loud sound is paired with a shock, conditioning is faster than with a soft sound.​

Question 17

In Pavlov's experiments,which two elements were similar to each other?​

Accepted Answer

A) The CS and the UCS 
B) ​The CS and the CR 
C) The CR and the UCR​ 
D) The UCS and the UCR​ 
A) The CS and the UCS 
B) ​The CS and the CR 
C) The CR and the UCR​ 
D) The UCS and the UCR​

Question 18

Of the following,which is a behaviorist LEAST likely to study?​

Accepted Answer

A) Mental states 
B) Animal learning​ 
C) ​Reflexes 
D) Stimulus-response connections​ 
A) Mental states 
B) Animal learning​ 
C) ​Reflexes 
D) Stimulus-response connections​

Question 19

Suppose a teacher is careful to present material one small step at a time,with frequent tests and positive reinforcements for correct answers.This approach is an application of what?​

Accepted Answer

A) Theory of mind 
B) ​Dishabituation 
C) Classical conditioning​ 
D) ​Operant conditioning 
A) Theory of mind 
B) ​Dishabituation 
C) Classical conditioning​ 
D) ​Operant conditioning

Question 20

​In which of these orders would events occur in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Acquisition, spontaneous recovery, extinction 
B) Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery​ 
C) Spontaneous recovery, acquisition, extinction​ 
D) Spontaneous recovery, extinction, acquisition​ 
A) Acquisition, spontaneous recovery, extinction 
B) Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery​ 
C) Spontaneous recovery, acquisition, extinction​ 
D) Spontaneous recovery, extinction, acquisition​

Exam 6: Learning

Which of these does the social-learning approach NOT emphasize?​

In Skinner's study,rats were punished when they pressed a bar for food.From the results,Skinner concluded that punishment is ineffective in the long run.What would be a more accurate conclusion?​

​What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

​A rat gets light then shock until it responds to the light.Then,it gets light plus tone before shock for additional trials.In later test trials,the rat shows strong reaction to the light and little reaction to the sound.What is this phenomenon called?

​When you successfully key in a telephone number,the reinforcement for hitting a correct number is the opportunity to hit the next number.This series of behaviors illustrates which concept?

After Pavlov classically conditioned salivation to a sound,what produced spontaneous recovery?​

Applied behavior analysis (or behavior modification)teaches acceptable behaviors by reinforcing simple behaviors and then advancing to more complex behaviors.What does this idea apply?​

​With which of the following do animals most easily associate a taste?

According to Pavlov,classical conditioning occurs if and only if what happens?​

​You scan the night sky looking for meteors or comets.They appear at unpredictable times.This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Suppose you try to buy fresh raspberries every day,but your grocery store has them on some days and not others.Which schedule of reinforcement is this?​

According to the social learning perspective,what increases self-efficacy?​

Of the following,which is a behaviorist most likely to study?​

A psychologist would use shaping for what purpose?​

One persuasion technique began by giving soldiers extra privileges for writing an essay slightly favorable to the captors.Later they shaped the soldiers into greater and greater cooperation.This is a practical application of what?​

Pavlov believed that a physiological change caused an animal to react to the CS as if it were the UCS.Which of the following is evidence AGAINST that idea?​

In Pavlov's experiments,which two elements were similar to each other?​

Of the following,which is a behaviorist LEAST likely to study?​

Suppose a teacher is careful to present material one small step at a time,with frequent tests and positive reinforcements for correct answers.This approach is an application of what?​

​In which of these orders would events occur in classical conditioning?

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A: Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A: Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A: Sensation and Perception

Development

A: Development

A: Learning

Memory

A: Memory

Cognition and Language

A: Cognition and Language

Intelligenceintelligence

A: Intelligence Intelligence

Consciousnessconsciousness

A: Consciousnessconsciousness

Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

A: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

Part 1 Emotions,stress,and Healthemotions,stress,and Health

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Social Psychologysocial Psychology

A: Social Psychologysocial Psychology

Personalitypersonality

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Filters

Which of these does the social-learning approach NOT emphasize?

In Skinner's study,rats were punished when they pressed a bar for food.From the results,Skinner concluded that punishment is ineffective in the long run.What would be a more accurate conclusion?

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

A rat gets light then shock until it responds to the light.Then,it gets light plus tone before shock for additional trials.In later test trials,the rat shows strong reaction to the light and little reaction to the sound.What is this phenomenon called?

When you successfully key in a telephone number,the reinforcement for hitting a correct number is the opportunity to hit the next number.This series of behaviors illustrates which concept?

After Pavlov classically conditioned salivation to a sound,what produced spontaneous recovery?

Applied behavior analysis (or behavior modification)teaches acceptable behaviors by reinforcing simple behaviors and then advancing to more complex behaviors.What does this idea apply?

With which of the following do animals most easily associate a taste?

According to Pavlov,classical conditioning occurs if and only if what happens?

You scan the night sky looking for meteors or comets.They appear at unpredictable times.This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Suppose you try to buy fresh raspberries every day,but your grocery store has them on some days and not others.Which schedule of reinforcement is this?

According to the social learning perspective,what increases self-efficacy?

Of the following,which is a behaviorist most likely to study?

A psychologist would use shaping for what purpose?

One persuasion technique began by giving soldiers extra privileges for writing an essay slightly favorable to the captors.Later they shaped the soldiers into greater and greater cooperation.This is a practical application of what?

Pavlov believed that a physiological change caused an animal to react to the CS as if it were the UCS.Which of the following is evidence AGAINST that idea?

In Pavlov's experiments,which two elements were similar to each other?

Of the following,which is a behaviorist LEAST likely to study?

Suppose a teacher is careful to present material one small step at a time,with frequent tests and positive reinforcements for correct answers.This approach is an application of what?

In which of these orders would events occur in classical conditioning?