Question 1

What is meant by negative reinforcement?​

Accepted Answer

A) Reinforcement by avoiding pain 
B) Presenting a weaker than average reinforcement​ 
C) Reinforcement for doing nothing​ 
D) ​Omitting a positive reinforcement 
A) Reinforcement by avoiding pain 
B) Presenting a weaker than average reinforcement​ 
C) Reinforcement for doing nothing​ 
D) ​Omitting a positive reinforcement

Question 2

A behaviorist would be willing to accept which of these explanations?​

Accepted Answer

A) The rat turned toward the light because it likes to explore its environment. 
B) ​The rat turned toward the light because it enjoys being able to see what is around it. 
C) The rat turned toward the light because of previous reinforcements for approaching light.​ 
D) The rat turned toward the light because it was afraid of the dark.​ 
A) The rat turned toward the light because it likes to explore its environment. 
B) ​The rat turned toward the light because it enjoys being able to see what is around it. 
C) The rat turned toward the light because of previous reinforcements for approaching light.​ 
D) The rat turned toward the light because it was afraid of the dark.​

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of using vicarious reinforcement?​

Accepted Answer

A) An advertisement for a medicine that explains both the benefits and the risks 
B) An advertisement for a politician that emphasizes the faults of his/her opponent​ 
C) An advertisement for the lottery, showing happy winners​ 
D) An advertisement for a movie that shows a few typical scenes​ 
A) An advertisement for a medicine that explains both the benefits and the risks 
B) An advertisement for a politician that emphasizes the faults of his/her opponent​ 
C) An advertisement for the lottery, showing happy winners​ 
D) An advertisement for a movie that shows a few typical scenes​

Question 4

​According to Thorndike,what is reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) The process of giving the individual something that he or she desires 
B) The process of placing the individual in the proper position and posture​ 
C) The process of increasing the probability of a response​ 
D) The process of facilitating activity at a particular type of synapse​ 
A) The process of giving the individual something that he or she desires 
B) The process of placing the individual in the proper position and posture​ 
C) The process of increasing the probability of a response​ 
D) The process of facilitating activity at a particular type of synapse​

Question 5

​What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?

Accepted Answer

A) They both strengthen a behavior. 
B) They both weaken a behavior.​ 
C) They both depend on presenting some stimulus.​ 
D) They both depend on avoiding some stimulus.​ 
A) They both strengthen a behavior. 
B) They both weaken a behavior.​ 
C) They both depend on presenting some stimulus.​ 
D) They both depend on avoiding some stimulus.​

Question 6

Compared to someone with a history of continuous reinforcement,what is true for someone who has been reinforced on an unpredictable schedule,such as variable-ratio or variable-interval?​

Accepted Answer

A) The responses will extinguish more slowly. 
B) The responses will be more vigorous.​ 
C) The responses will occur with less delay between one and the next.​ 
D) The responses will fail to generalize to new stimuli or new settings.​ 
A) The responses will extinguish more slowly. 
B) The responses will be more vigorous.​ 
C) The responses will occur with less delay between one and the next.​ 
D) The responses will fail to generalize to new stimuli or new settings.​

Question 7

​What will a psychologist do in the "shaping" procedure to train a response?

Accepted Answer

A) Electrically stimulate the brain areas responsible for the response. 
B) Start by reinforcing a simple first step in the response.​ 
C) Hold the rat's paws in the position necessary to make the response.​ 
D) Deprive the animal of food and water until it makes the response.​ 
A) Electrically stimulate the brain areas responsible for the response. 
B) Start by reinforcing a simple first step in the response.​ 
C) Hold the rat's paws in the position necessary to make the response.​ 
D) Deprive the animal of food and water until it makes the response.​

Question 8

A bird that eats an insect that looked like a twig now starts biting at twigs.This is an example of what?​

Accepted Answer

A) Stimulus generalization 
B) Discrimination​ 
C) Dishabituation​ 
D) Negative reinforcement​ 
A) Stimulus generalization 
B) Discrimination​ 
C) Dishabituation​ 
D) Negative reinforcement​

Question 9

In most of Pavlov's experiments,what did he measure?​

Accepted Answer

A) Lever pressing 
B) ​Salivation 
C) Pecking at a disk​ 
D) ​Heart rate 
A) Lever pressing 
B) ​Salivation 
C) Pecking at a disk​ 
D) ​Heart rate

Question 10

​Which of these do modern behaviorists believe?

Accepted Answer

A) All behavior can be described as responses to current stimuli. 
B) ​The causes of behavior include past experiences and current stimuli. 
C) People have a free will that science cannot explain.​ 
D) Psychologists should conduct research on the nature of conscious thought.​ 
A) All behavior can be described as responses to current stimuli. 
B) ​The causes of behavior include past experiences and current stimuli. 
C) People have a free will that science cannot explain.​ 
D) Psychologists should conduct research on the nature of conscious thought.​

Question 11

What is the goal of behaviorism?​

Accepted Answer

A) To teach people to get along with one another peacefully 
B) ​To understand the conscious and unconscious thoughts that produce behavior 
C) ​To understand behavior in simple nonmentalistic terms 
D) ​To trace behaviors to underlying genetics and brain processes 
A) To teach people to get along with one another peacefully 
B) ​To understand the conscious and unconscious thoughts that produce behavior 
C) ​To understand behavior in simple nonmentalistic terms 
D) ​To trace behaviors to underlying genetics and brain processes

Question 12

What is meant by "preparedness" in learning?​

Accepted Answer

A) Some associations are easier to learn than others are. 
B) Some individuals learn faster or more easily than others do.​ 
C) Stimulant drugs increase alertness and therefore improve learning.​ 
D) Learning is faster if it combines both classical and operant conditioning.​ 
A) Some associations are easier to learn than others are. 
B) Some individuals learn faster or more easily than others do.​ 
C) Stimulant drugs increase alertness and therefore improve learning.​ 
D) Learning is faster if it combines both classical and operant conditioning.​

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?​

Accepted Answer

A) Money 
B) Water to drink​ 
C) Food​ 
D) A shady spot on a hot day​ 
A) Money 
B) Water to drink​ 
C) Food​ 
D) A shady spot on a hot day​

Question 14

Birdsong learning is unusual in what way?​

Accepted Answer

A) Females learn significantly faster than males. 
B) The learned song is forgotten unless it is practiced daily.​ 
C) Birds cannot begin to learn until they are several years old.​ 
D) Learning occurs while the bird makes no response and gets no reinforcement.​ 
A) Females learn significantly faster than males. 
B) The learned song is forgotten unless it is practiced daily.​ 
C) Birds cannot begin to learn until they are several years old.​ 
D) Learning occurs while the bird makes no response and gets no reinforcement.​

Question 15

​A safety officer offered rewards to the entire class if everyone played more safely on the playground.This approach is an example of what?

Accepted Answer

A) Classical conditioning 
B) Theory of mind​ 
C) Applied behavior analysis​ 
D) The availability heuristic​ 
A) Classical conditioning 
B) Theory of mind​ 
C) Applied behavior analysis​ 
D) The availability heuristic​

Question 16

​People hear a tone,followed by a puff of air to the eyes,which causes an eyeblink.After a few pairings,people blink their eyes when they hear the tone.What is the tone?

Accepted Answer

A) Conditioned response 
B) ​Unconditioned response 
C) Conditioned stimulus​ 
D) ​Unconditioned stimulus 
A) Conditioned response 
B) ​Unconditioned response 
C) Conditioned stimulus​ 
D) ​Unconditioned stimulus

Question 17

Responses that are followed by a reinforcer become more likely in the future.This is known as what?​

Accepted Answer

A) The equilibrium principle 
B) The law of effect​ 
C) Temporal contiguity​ 
D) The all or none law​ 
A) The equilibrium principle 
B) The law of effect​ 
C) Temporal contiguity​ 
D) The all or none law​

Question 18

In which way are conditioned taste aversions unusual,compared to other learning?​

Accepted Answer

A) Learning occurs more readily for isolated individuals than those in a social group. 
B) Learned associations are rapidly forgotten in the absence of frequent reminders.​ 
C) Learning occurs easily even with a long delay between the events to be associated.​ 
D) Both infants and older individuals learn better than adolescents and young adults do.​ 
A) Learning occurs more readily for isolated individuals than those in a social group. 
B) Learned associations are rapidly forgotten in the absence of frequent reminders.​ 
C) Learning occurs easily even with a long delay between the events to be associated.​ 
D) Both infants and older individuals learn better than adolescents and young adults do.​

Question 19

Rats learn an aversion to a taste that precedes their becoming ill.What is unusual about this learning?​

Accepted Answer

A) They learn slowly but they forget rapidly. 
B) They generalize their aversion to all familiar tastes.​ 
C) They avoid the taste only in the location where they drank it.​ 
D) They learn even if the taste and illness are separated by hours.​ 
A) They learn slowly but they forget rapidly. 
B) They generalize their aversion to all familiar tastes.​ 
C) They avoid the taste only in the location where they drank it.​ 
D) They learn even if the taste and illness are separated by hours.​

Question 20

In the classical conditioning interpretation of drug tolerance,what is the conditioned response?​

Accepted Answer

A) The procedure of administering the drug 
B) The entry of the drug into the brain​ 
C) The social setting in which someone takes the drug​ 
D) The body's defenses against the drug 
A) The procedure of administering the drug 
B) The entry of the drug into the brain​ 
C) The social setting in which someone takes the drug​ 
D) The body's defenses against the drug

Exam 6: Learning

What is meant by negative reinforcement?​

A behaviorist would be willing to accept which of these explanations?​

Which of the following is an example of using vicarious reinforcement?​

​According to Thorndike,what is reinforcement?

​What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?

Compared to someone with a history of continuous reinforcement,what is true for someone who has been reinforced on an unpredictable schedule,such as variable-ratio or variable-interval?​

​What will a psychologist do in the "shaping" procedure to train a response?

A bird that eats an insect that looked like a twig now starts biting at twigs.This is an example of what?​

In most of Pavlov's experiments,what did he measure?​

​Which of these do modern behaviorists believe?

What is the goal of behaviorism?​

What is meant by "preparedness" in learning?​

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?​

Birdsong learning is unusual in what way?​

​A safety officer offered rewards to the entire class if everyone played more safely on the playground.This approach is an example of what?

​People hear a tone,followed by a puff of air to the eyes,which causes an eyeblink.After a few pairings,people blink their eyes when they hear the tone.What is the tone?

Responses that are followed by a reinforcer become more likely in the future.This is known as what?​

In which way are conditioned taste aversions unusual,compared to other learning?​

Rats learn an aversion to a taste that precedes their becoming ill.What is unusual about this learning?​

In the classical conditioning interpretation of drug tolerance,what is the conditioned response?​

What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A: Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A: Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A: Sensation and Perception

Development

A: Development

A: Learning

Memory

A: Memory

Cognition and Language

A: Cognition and Language

Intelligenceintelligence

A: Intelligence Intelligence

Consciousnessconsciousness

A: Consciousnessconsciousness

Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

A: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

Part 1 Emotions,stress,and Healthemotions,stress,and Health

A: Emotional,stress,and Healthemotional,stress,and Health

Social Psychologysocial Psychology

A: Social Psychologysocial Psychology

Personalitypersonality

A: Personalitypersonality

Part 1 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment

A: Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment

Filters

What is meant by negative reinforcement?

A behaviorist would be willing to accept which of these explanations?

Which of the following is an example of using vicarious reinforcement?

According to Thorndike,what is reinforcement?

What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?

Compared to someone with a history of continuous reinforcement,what is true for someone who has been reinforced on an unpredictable schedule,such as variable-ratio or variable-interval?

What will a psychologist do in the "shaping" procedure to train a response?

A bird that eats an insect that looked like a twig now starts biting at twigs.This is an example of what?

In most of Pavlov's experiments,what did he measure?

Which of these do modern behaviorists believe?

What is the goal of behaviorism?

What is meant by "preparedness" in learning?

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Birdsong learning is unusual in what way?

A safety officer offered rewards to the entire class if everyone played more safely on the playground.This approach is an example of what?

People hear a tone,followed by a puff of air to the eyes,which causes an eyeblink.After a few pairings,people blink their eyes when they hear the tone.What is the tone?

Responses that are followed by a reinforcer become more likely in the future.This is known as what?

In which way are conditioned taste aversions unusual,compared to other learning?

Rats learn an aversion to a taste that precedes their becoming ill.What is unusual about this learning?

In the classical conditioning interpretation of drug tolerance,what is the conditioned response?