Question 1

Rats drink saccharin-flavored water,see bright lights,and hear loud noises.Shortly afterward,they are exposed to X-rays that cause nausea.What,if anything,do they learn to avoid?​

Accepted Answer

A) Lights 
B) Noises​ 
C) Saccharin-flavored water​ 
D) Nothing​ 
A) Lights 
B) Noises​ 
C) Saccharin-flavored water​ 
D) Nothing​

Question 2

What term applies when someone learns to respond to a stimulus and not to a similar one?​

Accepted Answer

A) Extinction 
B) Stimulus generalization​ 
C) ​Discrimination 
D) ​Spontaneous recovery 
A) Extinction 
B) Stimulus generalization​ 
C) ​Discrimination 
D) ​Spontaneous recovery

Question 3

​When you hear an ambulance siren,you drive to the side of the road.What does this act illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A) A discriminative stimulus 
B) A fixed-ratio schedule​ 
C) Negative reinforcement​ 
D) Dishabituation​ 
A) A discriminative stimulus 
B) A fixed-ratio schedule​ 
C) Negative reinforcement​ 
D) Dishabituation​

Question 4

If Jennifer reacts to a sound with increased heart rate,which of the following would NOT be a possible explanation,according to behaviorists?​

Accepted Answer

A) The sound had previously been paired with shock. 
B) ​The sound resembled a similar sound that was previously paired with shock. 
C) ​She had previously received rewards for activity in the presence of this sound. 
D) ​She was frightened by the sound. 
A) The sound had previously been paired with shock. 
B) ​The sound resembled a similar sound that was previously paired with shock. 
C) ​She had previously received rewards for activity in the presence of this sound. 
D) ​She was frightened by the sound.

Question 5

​According to Pavlov,what physiological change caused classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Faster action potentials between the sense organs and the brain 
B) A new connection between two brain areas​ 
C) Increased release of dopamine and serotonin at particular synapses​ 
D) Increased metabolic rate in a particular brain area​ 
A) Faster action potentials between the sense organs and the brain 
B) A new connection between two brain areas​ 
C) Increased release of dopamine and serotonin at particular synapses​ 
D) Increased metabolic rate in a particular brain area​

Question 6

Which of these is true in operant conditioning but not in classical conditioning?​

Accepted Answer

A) The learned response is quickly forgotten unless it is rehearsed frequently. 
B) ​The individual's response controls the outcome, such as reinforcement. 
C) Two stimuli are presented at certain times, regardless of the individual's actions.​ 
D) The animal associates events distant in time more easily than those close in time.​ 
A) The learned response is quickly forgotten unless it is rehearsed frequently. 
B) ​The individual's response controls the outcome, such as reinforcement. 
C) Two stimuli are presented at certain times, regardless of the individual's actions.​ 
D) The animal associates events distant in time more easily than those close in time.​

Question 7

​Is any example known in which an animal learns while making no response and receiving no reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) No 
B) Yes, conditioned taste aversion​ 
C) Yes, maze learning​ 
D) Yes, birdsong learning​ 
A) No 
B) Yes, conditioned taste aversion​ 
C) Yes, maze learning​ 
D) Yes, birdsong learning​

Question 8

​Which of these is true in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) The learned response is quickly forgotten unless it is rehearsed frequently. 
B) The individual's response controls the outcome, such as reinforcement.​ 
C) Two stimuli are presented at certain times, regardless of the individual's actions.​ 
D) The animal associates events distant in time more easily than those close in time.​ 
A) The learned response is quickly forgotten unless it is rehearsed frequently. 
B) The individual's response controls the outcome, such as reinforcement.​ 
C) Two stimuli are presented at certain times, regardless of the individual's actions.​ 
D) The animal associates events distant in time more easily than those close in time.​

Question 9

When Thorndike studied cats escaping from puzzle boxes,what result was usual?​

Accepted Answer

A) On each trial, a cat escaped more rapidly than on the previous trial. 
B) At first a cat escaped slowly, but after some trial it suddenly became quick.​ 
C) On average a cat escaped no more rapidly on later trials than on the first few trials.​ 
D) A cat got faster at escaping, but only on a gradual, irregular basis.​ 
A) On each trial, a cat escaped more rapidly than on the previous trial. 
B) At first a cat escaped slowly, but after some trial it suddenly became quick.​ 
C) On average a cat escaped no more rapidly on later trials than on the first few trials.​ 
D) A cat got faster at escaping, but only on a gradual, irregular basis.​

Question 10

What does shaping mean (in the context of operant conditioning)?​

Accepted Answer

A) Establishing a response by punishing every alternative response 
B) Molding the animal's body into position to make the response​ 
C) Establishing a response and then providing opportunities to apply it in new situations​ 
D) Establishing a response by reinforcing successive approximations​ 
A) Establishing a response by punishing every alternative response 
B) Molding the animal's body into position to make the response​ 
C) Establishing a response and then providing opportunities to apply it in new situations​ 
D) Establishing a response by reinforcing successive approximations​

Question 11

A cat easily learns to push or pull something to escape from a puzzle box,but does not easily learn to scratch or lick itself.Which term applies to observations like this?​

Accepted Answer

A) Preparedness 
B) Shaping​ 
C) Disequilibrium​ 
D) Heuristics​ 
A) Preparedness 
B) Shaping​ 
C) Disequilibrium​ 
D) Heuristics​

Question 12

B.F.Skinner punished rats for bar pressing by having the bar slap their paws each time they pressed it for food.Based on the results of this study,what did he conclude?​

Accepted Answer

A) Punishment produces no long-term effects on a learned behavior. 
B) Weaker punishments are more effective than intense punishments.​ 
C) Punishment produces no effect at first, but suppresses a learned behavior later.​ 
D) Punishment is more effective than reinforcement in changing behavior.​ 
A) Punishment produces no long-term effects on a learned behavior. 
B) Weaker punishments are more effective than intense punishments.​ 
C) Punishment produces no effect at first, but suppresses a learned behavior later.​ 
D) Punishment is more effective than reinforcement in changing behavior.​

Question 13

Under which circumstance would drug tolerance develop quickly?​

Accepted Answer

A) The user gradually increases the dose of the drug. 
B) The user is unaware of when he/she receives the drug.​ 
C) The user varies the location and procedure for taking the drug.​ 
D) The user always takes the drug in the same environment.​ 
A) The user gradually increases the dose of the drug. 
B) The user is unaware of when he/she receives the drug.​ 
C) The user varies the location and procedure for taking the drug.​ 
D) The user always takes the drug in the same environment.​

Question 14

​How could you extinguish a classically conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A) Stop providing positive reinforcement. 
B) Wait a long time without further training.​ 
C) Repeatedly present the unconditioned stimulus by itself.​ 
D) Repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus by itself.​ 
A) Stop providing positive reinforcement. 
B) Wait a long time without further training.​ 
C) Repeatedly present the unconditioned stimulus by itself.​ 
D) Repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus by itself.​

Question 15

"An animal goes a particular direction only because its legs carry it there.Every action is a response to a stimulus present at the moment." Which psychologists would endorse these statements?​

Accepted Answer

A) Developmental theorists, such as Jean Piaget 
B) ​Psychoanalysts, such as Sigmund Freud 
C) Humanistic psychologists, such as Carl Rogers​ 
D) The earliest behaviorists, such as Jacques Loeb​ 
A) Developmental theorists, such as Jean Piaget 
B) ​Psychoanalysts, such as Sigmund Freud 
C) Humanistic psychologists, such as Carl Rogers​ 
D) The earliest behaviorists, such as Jacques Loeb​

Question 16

When Pavlov paired a buzzer with food and measured salivation,what was the unconditioned response?​

Accepted Answer

A) The buzzer 
B) ​The food 
C) ​Salivation 
D) ​Both the buzzer and the food 
A) The buzzer 
B) ​The food 
C) ​Salivation 
D) ​Both the buzzer and the food

Question 17

A dog that was trained to salivate at the sight of a white square also salivates somewhat at the sight of a gray square.What is the dog displaying?​

Accepted Answer

A) Stimulus generalization 
B) Extinction​ 
C) Spontaneous recovery​ 
D) Acquisition​ 
A) Stimulus generalization 
B) Extinction​ 
C) Spontaneous recovery​ 
D) Acquisition​

Question 18

A drill sergeant shouts,"Fire!," the artillery shoots,and the loud sound makes you flinch.After a few repetitions,the word Fire! makes you flinch.What is the conditioned stimulus?​

Accepted Answer

A) The drill sergeant 
B) The word Fire!​ 
C) The loud sound​ 
D) Flinching​ 
A) The drill sergeant 
B) The word Fire!​ 
C) The loud sound​ 
D) Flinching​

Question 19

What is the "extinction" of a conditioned response?​

Accepted Answer

A) Forgetting a response after a long delay without training 
B) ​Learning to suppress the response 
C) Total obliteration of the connection between stimulus and response​ 
D) Generalization of the response to new stimuli​ 
A) Forgetting a response after a long delay without training 
B) ​Learning to suppress the response 
C) Total obliteration of the connection between stimulus and response​ 
D) Generalization of the response to new stimuli​

Question 20

​According to Thorndike,what is a reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) An event that the learner desires or finds enjoyable 
B) An event that puts the learner into the correct position to make a response​ 
C) An event that improves memory of something that happened long ago​ 
D) An event that makes the last response become more likely​ 
A) An event that the learner desires or finds enjoyable 
B) An event that puts the learner into the correct position to make a response​ 
C) An event that improves memory of something that happened long ago​ 
D) An event that makes the last response become more likely​

Exam 6: Learning

Rats drink saccharin-flavored water,see bright lights,and hear loud noises.Shortly afterward,they are exposed to X-rays that cause nausea.What,if anything,do they learn to avoid?​

What term applies when someone learns to respond to a stimulus and not to a similar one?​

​When you hear an ambulance siren,you drive to the side of the road.What does this act illustrate?

If Jennifer reacts to a sound with increased heart rate,which of the following would NOT be a possible explanation,according to behaviorists?​

​According to Pavlov,what physiological change caused classical conditioning?

Which of these is true in operant conditioning but not in classical conditioning?​

​Is any example known in which an animal learns while making no response and receiving no reinforcement?

​Which of these is true in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning?

When Thorndike studied cats escaping from puzzle boxes,what result was usual?​

What does shaping mean (in the context of operant conditioning)?​

A cat easily learns to push or pull something to escape from a puzzle box,but does not easily learn to scratch or lick itself.Which term applies to observations like this?​

B.F.Skinner punished rats for bar pressing by having the bar slap their paws each time they pressed it for food.Based on the results of this study,what did he conclude?​

Under which circumstance would drug tolerance develop quickly?​

​How could you extinguish a classically conditioned response?

"An animal goes a particular direction only because its legs carry it there.Every action is a response to a stimulus present at the moment." Which psychologists would endorse these statements?​

When Pavlov paired a buzzer with food and measured salivation,what was the unconditioned response?​

A dog that was trained to salivate at the sight of a white square also salivates somewhat at the sight of a gray square.What is the dog displaying?​

A drill sergeant shouts,"Fire!," the artillery shoots,and the loud sound makes you flinch.After a few repetitions,the word Fire! makes you flinch.What is the conditioned stimulus?​

What is the "extinction" of a conditioned response?​

​According to Thorndike,what is a reinforcer?

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Biological Psychology

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Sensation and Perception

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Memory

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Rats drink saccharin-flavored water,see bright lights,and hear loud noises.Shortly afterward,they are exposed to X-rays that cause nausea.What,if anything,do they learn to avoid?

What term applies when someone learns to respond to a stimulus and not to a similar one?

When you hear an ambulance siren,you drive to the side of the road.What does this act illustrate?

If Jennifer reacts to a sound with increased heart rate,which of the following would NOT be a possible explanation,according to behaviorists?

According to Pavlov,what physiological change caused classical conditioning?

Which of these is true in operant conditioning but not in classical conditioning?

Is any example known in which an animal learns while making no response and receiving no reinforcement?

Which of these is true in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning?

When Thorndike studied cats escaping from puzzle boxes,what result was usual?

What does shaping mean (in the context of operant conditioning)?

A cat easily learns to push or pull something to escape from a puzzle box,but does not easily learn to scratch or lick itself.Which term applies to observations like this?

B.F.Skinner punished rats for bar pressing by having the bar slap their paws each time they pressed it for food.Based on the results of this study,what did he conclude?

Under which circumstance would drug tolerance develop quickly?

How could you extinguish a classically conditioned response?

"An animal goes a particular direction only because its legs carry it there.Every action is a response to a stimulus present at the moment." Which psychologists would endorse these statements?

When Pavlov paired a buzzer with food and measured salivation,what was the unconditioned response?

A dog that was trained to salivate at the sight of a white square also salivates somewhat at the sight of a gray square.What is the dog displaying?

A drill sergeant shouts,"Fire!," the artillery shoots,and the loud sound makes you flinch.After a few repetitions,the word Fire! makes you flinch.What is the conditioned stimulus?

What is the "extinction" of a conditioned response?

According to Thorndike,what is a reinforcer?