Exam 13: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood

Kenneth tends to watch a lot of television violence; he frequently gets in trouble at school and at home. Kenneth lies to get himself out of trouble. He does not feel bad when he verbally or physically hurts someone but instead insists, "It wasn't my fault; he asked for it." Kenneth is a __________.

Generally, the self-esteem of most children tends to __________ during middle childhood but __________ around the age of 12.

Steven's parents encourage him to eat healthy, nutritious snacks, but he routinely eats candy bars and drinks a soda on the way home from school. Clearly, Steven's parents have provided broad, general guidelines for eating between meals, but it is up to Steven to control his eating on a daily basis. This is an example of __________.

While 11-year-old Lucia is walking down the street with five of her friends, she notices they are passing around a cigarette. Considering this age group, who in Lucia's life will have the biggest influence on her decision to smoke that cigarette?

According to Erikson, one focus of school-age children is to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world. In Erikson's psychosocial development, accomplishment of this goal means achieving ___________.

During middle childhood, a child's conception of the nature of friendship undergoes some profound changes. According to developmental psychologist William Damon, a child's view of friendship passes through three distinct stages. The first stage is based on __________.

In __________ play, interactions are interrupted when a child feels that his or her status is challenged.

In __________, victims are called names, threatened, or made fun of because of physical or other attributes.

Popular children have good social skills and are able to interact with others easily. You could say that these popular children are high in __________.

__________ tends to be a more subtle form of bullying in which children are socially attacked.

The results of one study revealed that by tenth grade, fewer than __________ percent of Whites and __________ percent of African Americans named a best friend of a different race.

During middle childhood, a child's conception of the nature of friendship undergoes some profound changes. According to developmental psychologist William Damon, a child's view of friendship passes through three distinct stages. The third stage is based on __________.

When Alejandro was in first grade, he described himself as tall and good at soccer and math. Now, in fifth grade, Alejandro talks about how he is friendly and helps his friends. This shift in self-understanding represents a shift from __________ or internal characteristics to __________ traits.

Eight-year-old Anya is a recent immigrant to the United States. Based on current research, we can expect that during Anya's middle childhood years, she will __________.

How would you describe the influence of race and poverty on children's family life?

How does gender affect friendships?

Describe the shift in self-understanding during the middle years and explain why the shift occurs.

Whereas __________ reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self, __________ is more emotionally oriented.

It has been proposed that staying home alone may provide self-care children with opportunities to develop a greater sense of __________.

Almost __________ percent of children under the age of 18 in the United States live with only one parent.