Exam 15: Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

The major source of water loss from the body is

Extracellular fluid

Insensible H₂O loss includes water lost as a result of metabolic reactions within the cells.

Eating a very salty snack makes you thirsty because it

Indicate the [CO₂] and [HCO3-] levels in each of the following situations by placing the appropriate letter in the blank preceding the acid-base abnormality. a.[CO₂] normal, [HCO3-] decreased below normal b.[CO₂] normal, [HCO3-] increased above normal c.[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO3-] normal d.[CO₂] decreased below normal, [ HCO3-] normal e.[CO₂] decreased below normal, [HCO3-] decreased below normal f.[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO3-] increased above normal g.[CO₂] decreased below normal, [HCO3-] increased above normal h.[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO3-] decreased below normal i.[CO₂] normal, [HCO3-] normal -Uncompensated metabolic acidosis

A [HCO₃⁻]/[CO₂] ratio falling below 20/1 due to a decrease in [CO₂] indicates respiratory acidosis.

A person who has diarrhea loses excessive salt and water from the body.This fluid loss results in Na+ depletion, dehydration, a decreased extracellular fluid volume, a reduction in plasma volume, and a decreased systemic arterial blood pressure.The following refer to the sequence of events that occur to compensate for this fluid loss.Indicate whether each factor listed: a.No change b.Increases c.Decreases -Renin secretion

pH

Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. -Identify the number(s) for bicarbonate ions: ____________________.

Transcellular fluid

A pH of ____________________ is considered chemically neutral.The normal pH of plasma is ____________________, whereas, the pH range compatible with life is ____________________ to ____________________.

The primary ECF cation is ____, and the primary ICF cation is ____.

Indicate the [CO₂] and [HCO3-] levels in each of the following situations by placing the appropriate letter in the blank preceding the acid-base abnormality. a.[CO₂] normal, [HCO3-] decreased below normal b.[CO₂] normal, [HCO3-] increased above normal c.[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO3-] normal d.[CO₂] decreased below normal, [ HCO3-] normal e.[CO₂] decreased below normal, [HCO3-] decreased below normal f.[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO3-] increased above normal g.[CO₂] decreased below normal, [HCO3-] increased above normal h.[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO3-] decreased below normal i.[CO₂] normal, [HCO3-] normal -Compensated metabolic acidosis

The primary factor responsible for regulating H₂O balance in the body is control of fluid intake via the thirst mechanism.

The vast majority of the extracellular fluid's osmotic activity is contributed by

Type A and B cells in the kidneys are involved in fine regulation of acid-base balance.

Interstitial fluid

The true internal environment is the ____________________ fluid, which makes up four-fifths of the body's ECF.

Indicate which fluid imbalance is being described by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the following answer code. a.Overhydration b.Dehydration c.Both overhydration and dehydration d.Neither overhydration nor dehydration -Body fluids have a lower concentration of solutes than normal.

Indicate which type of acid-base imbalance might occur in each of the following situations by writing the appropriate letter in the blank. a.Respiratory acidosis b.Respiratory alkalosis c.Metabolic acidosis d.Metabolic alkalosis -Severe diarrhea