Question 1

The establishment of DNA as the genome of the cell may have resulted from the need to store genetic information in a more stable form than RNA.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms is called its ________ and it is inferred from ________.

Accepted Answer

A) taxonomy / phenotype 
B) phylogeny / nucleotide sequence data 
C) phylogeny / phenotype 
D) taxonomy / morphology 
A) taxonomy / phenotype 
B) phylogeny / nucleotide sequence data 
C) phylogeny / phenotype 
D) taxonomy / morphology

Question 3

When exposed to UV light,oxygen gas produces ozone gas.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

The pan genome of a microbial species is constantly changing because of

Accepted Answer

A) bottleneck events. 
B) horizontal gene transfer. 
C) substitutions. 
D) substitution and bottleneck events. 
A) bottleneck events. 
B) horizontal gene transfer. 
C) substitutions. 
D) substitution and bottleneck events.

Question 5

Two eukaryotic organelles that are hypothesized to be the result of endosymbiosis are the ________ and the ________.

Accepted Answer

A) nucleus / Golgi body 
B) mitochondrion / chloroplast 
C) endoplasmic reticulum / Golgi body 
D) hydrogenosome / chloroplast 
A) nucleus / Golgi body 
B) mitochondrion / chloroplast 
C) endoplasmic reticulum / Golgi body 
D) hydrogenosome / chloroplast

Question 6

DNA:DNA hybridization is a sensitive method for revealing subtle genetic differences because it measures the degree of sequence similarity between two genomes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Approximately 4 billion years ago Archaea and Bacteria diverged as being distinct from each other.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Microbial ________ studies the diversity of microorganisms and links their phylogeny with ________.

Accepted Answer

A) taxonomy / genotype 
B) phylogeny / phenotype 
C) taxonomy / phenotype 
D) systematics / taxonomy 
A) taxonomy / genotype 
B) phylogeny / phenotype 
C) taxonomy / phenotype 
D) systematics / taxonomy

Question 9

Which statement most closely expresses our present understanding?

Accepted Answer

A) The chloroplast is an ancestor of the cyanobacteria. 
B) The cyanobacteria are descendents of the chloroplast. 
C) The chloroplast arose from the incorporation of a cyanobacterial-like organism. 
D) The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria are not closely (or specifically)related. 
A) The chloroplast is an ancestor of the cyanobacteria. 
B) The cyanobacteria are descendents of the chloroplast. 
C) The chloroplast arose from the incorporation of a cyanobacterial-like organism. 
D) The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria are not closely (or specifically)related.

Question 10

The oxic atmosphere created conditions that led to the evolution of various new metabolic pathways,such as

Accepted Answer

A) sulfide oxidation. 
B) nitrification. 
C) iron oxidation. 
D) sulfide oxidation,nitrification,and iron oxidation. 
A) sulfide oxidation. 
B) nitrification. 
C) iron oxidation. 
D) sulfide oxidation,nitrification,and iron oxidation.

Question 11

As oxygen appeared in the atmosphere,________ also accumulated,which formed a protective barrier that protects the Earth from ________.

Accepted Answer

A) ozone / UV radiation 
B) elemental sulfur / volcanism 
C) ferrous iron / hydroxylating radicals 
D) sulfate / hydrogen sulfide 
A) ozone / UV radiation 
B) elemental sulfur / volcanism 
C) ferrous iron / hydroxylating radicals 
D) sulfate / hydrogen sulfide

Question 12

What type of methods are used in microbial systematics? Why are multiple methods used to characterize and classify microbial species? Be sure to define the methods and describe the general strengths and weaknesses of each type.

Accepted Answer

Microbial systematics is polyphasic and

Question 13

The earliest stromatolites were probably formed by

Accepted Answer

A) anoxygenic phototrophs. 
B) anoxygenic lithotrophs. 
C) oxygenic phototrophs. 
D) oxygenic lithotrophs. 
A) anoxygenic phototrophs. 
B) anoxygenic lithotrophs. 
C) oxygenic phototrophs. 
D) oxygenic lithotrophs.

Question 14

Describe the hydrogen hypothesis and why it is favored over other hypotheses.

Accepted Answer

The hydrogen hypothesis states that a hy

Question 15

If you allowed 10 identical parallel Salmonella cultures to evolve for 10,000 generations under new growth conditions with very little nitrogen,the parallel cultures would

Accepted Answer

A) evolve identical adaptations to use the nitrogen source provided in the media. 
B) not change or adapt very much over this small number of generations. 
C) each accumulate different random mutations resulting in different adaptations to use the nitrogen in the media. 
D) direct mutations to occur in nitrogen utilization and uptake genes in order to adapt rapidly to the culture conditions. 
A) evolve identical adaptations to use the nitrogen source provided in the media. 
B) not change or adapt very much over this small number of generations. 
C) each accumulate different random mutations resulting in different adaptations to use the nitrogen in the media. 
D) direct mutations to occur in nitrogen utilization and uptake genes in order to adapt rapidly to the culture conditions.

Question 16

You have isolated a microbe from an environmental sample.The microbe has the ability to perform a new metabolic reaction at a very low temperature,so you are excited that it could be a new species.What experiments should you perform to determine if your isolate is truly a new species? What process will you follow to officially name your isolate?

Accepted Answer

Experiments to determine the isolate's c

Question 17

Two organisms containing identical GC ratios are not necessarily related.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

You are studying 12 new isolates from the human skin.The isolates have 16S rRNA sequences that are 97% similar and share important phenotypic traits.Their genomes have 55% of their genes in common.The isolates would most likely be

Accepted Answer

A) classified as individual strains of the same species. 
B) classified as individual species of the same genus. 
C) split into different families. 
D) classified as the same species if they can mate via conjugation. 
A) classified as individual strains of the same species. 
B) classified as individual species of the same genus. 
C) split into different families. 
D) classified as the same species if they can mate via conjugation.

Question 19

Most bacterial phyla lack strong phenotypic cohesiveness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

How does the Black Queen Hypothesis explain the effect of gene deletions on bacterial evolution?

Accepted Answer

The Black Queen Hypothesis states that s

Exam 12: Microbial Evolution and Systematics

The establishment of DNA as the genome of the cell may have resulted from the need to store genetic information in a more stable form than RNA.

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms is called its ________ and it is inferred from ________.

When exposed to UV light,oxygen gas produces ozone gas.

The pan genome of a microbial species is constantly changing because of

Two eukaryotic organelles that are hypothesized to be the result of endosymbiosis are the ________ and the ________.

DNA:DNA hybridization is a sensitive method for revealing subtle genetic differences because it measures the degree of sequence similarity between two genomes.

Approximately 4 billion years ago Archaea and Bacteria diverged as being distinct from each other.

Microbial ________ studies the diversity of microorganisms and links their phylogeny with ________.

Which statement most closely expresses our present understanding?

The oxic atmosphere created conditions that led to the evolution of various new metabolic pathways,such as

As oxygen appeared in the atmosphere,________ also accumulated,which formed a protective barrier that protects the Earth from ________.

What type of methods are used in microbial systematics? Why are multiple methods used to characterize and classify microbial species? Be sure to define the methods and describe the general strengths and weaknesses of each type.

The earliest stromatolites were probably formed by

Describe the hydrogen hypothesis and why it is favored over other hypotheses.

If you allowed 10 identical parallel Salmonella cultures to evolve for 10,000 generations under new growth conditions with very little nitrogen,the parallel cultures would

Two organisms containing identical GC ratios are not necessarily related.

You are studying 12 new isolates from the human skin.The isolates have 16S rRNA sequences that are 97% similar and share important phenotypic traits.Their genomes have 55% of their genes in common.The isolates would most likely be

Most bacterial phyla lack strong phenotypic cohesiveness.

How does the Black Queen Hypothesis explain the effect of gene deletions on bacterial evolution?

Microorganisms and Microbiology

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Biology

Microbial Growth and Control

Microbial Genomics

Metabolic Regulation

Viruses and Virology

Viral Genomes and Diversity

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Methods in Microbial Ecology

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Interactions With Humans

Immunity and Host Defense

Immune Mechanisms

Molecular Immunology

Diagnostic Microbiology

Epidemiology

Person-To-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Water and Food As Vehicles of Bacterial Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungal and Parasitic Diseases

Filters

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms is called its and it is inferred from .

Two eukaryotic organelles that are hypothesized to be the result of endosymbiosis are the and the .

Microbial studies the diversity of microorganisms and links their phylogeny with .

As oxygen appeared in the atmosphere, also accumulated,which formed a protective barrier that protects the Earth from .