Question 1

Transcription of various genes under particular environmental conditions can be studied by

Accepted Answer

A) CARD-FISH. 
B) using a reporter gene that encodes for green fluorescent protein (GFP). 
C) T-RFLP. 
D) using a reporter gene that encodes for green fluorescent protein (GFP)or CARD-FISH. 
A) CARD-FISH. 
B) using a reporter gene that encodes for green fluorescent protein (GFP). 
C) T-RFLP. 
D) using a reporter gene that encodes for green fluorescent protein (GFP)or CARD-FISH.

Question 2

How would you label and separate the DNA of unknown methylotrophs in a sample?

Accepted Answer

A) Incubate the sample with ¹³C-methane. 
B) Hybridize the DNA to FISH probes. 
C) Use DGGE to separate the strands of DNA in the sample. 
D) Use T-RFLP to identify the methylotroph DNA in the sample. 
A) Incubate the sample with ¹³C-methane. 
B) Hybridize the DNA to FISH probes. 
C) Use DGGE to separate the strands of DNA in the sample. 
D) Use T-RFLP to identify the methylotroph DNA in the sample.

Question 3

Which of the following hypotheses could be tested using microautoradiography fluorescence in situ hybridization (MAR-FISH)?

Accepted Answer

A) Bacteriorodopsin uses light energy to translocate protons. 
B) Archaea are the main autotrophs in marine water samples taken 300m below the surface of the ocean. 
C) The microbial community of agricultural soils is more phylogenetically diverse than the microbial community of native prairie soils. 
D) The ammonia monooxygenase gene is present in members of the phylum Verrucomicrobium. 
A) Bacteriorodopsin uses light energy to translocate protons. 
B) Archaea are the main autotrophs in marine water samples taken 300m below the surface of the ocean. 
C) The microbial community of agricultural soils is more phylogenetically diverse than the microbial community of native prairie soils. 
D) The ammonia monooxygenase gene is present in members of the phylum Verrucomicrobium.

Question 4

The MPN technique is rarely applied in the food industry because any microbial presence in food is unsafe.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

FISH technology can employ only a single phylogenetic probe.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

What technique(s)can be used to characterize the phylogenetic composition of a microbial community without culturing any of the members?

Accepted Answer

A) green fluorescent protein tagging 
B) stable isotope techniques 
C) radioisotope experiments 
D) fluorescent in situ hybridization 
A) green fluorescent protein tagging 
B) stable isotope techniques 
C) radioisotope experiments 
D) fluorescent in situ hybridization

Question 7

Winogradsky columns are used primarily for enrichment of

Accepted Answer

A) aerobic cultures,although occasionally anaerobes do appear. 
B) anaerobic cultures,although occasionally aerobes do appear. 
C) aerobes,anaerobes,and phototrophs. 
D) phototrophs,although occasionally heterotrophs do appear. 
A) aerobic cultures,although occasionally anaerobes do appear. 
B) anaerobic cultures,although occasionally aerobes do appear. 
C) aerobes,anaerobes,and phototrophs. 
D) phototrophs,although occasionally heterotrophs do appear.

Question 8

Combined with autofluoresence or fluorescent DNA probes,flow cytometry can separate or count populations of cells from aquatic environments.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

For microbial biodiversity studies,it is common to identify the ________ rather than the ________ as a measure of biodiversity.

Accepted Answer

A) organisms themselves / genes 
B) genes / organisms themselves 
C) cell types / genes 
D) cell types / organisms themselves 
A) organisms themselves / genes 
B) genes / organisms themselves 
C) cell types / genes 
D) cell types / organisms themselves

Question 10

Which approach would help to identify biologically produced sulfur in a sediment sample?

Accepted Answer

A) enrichment 
B) isotopic fractionation 
C) microautoradiography 
D) microelectrodes 
A) enrichment 
B) isotopic fractionation 
C) microautoradiography 
D) microelectrodes

Question 11

The diversity of microorganisms in culture collections is representative of the diversity of microorganisms found in nature.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

What unit is isotopic fractionation reported as?

Accepted Answer

A) parts per billion 
B) parts per million 
C) parts per thousand 
D) parts per trillion 
A) parts per billion 
B) parts per million 
C) parts per thousand 
D) parts per trillion

Question 13

Using specific examples,when is it appropriate to use CARD-FISH rather than the traditional FISH method and vice-versa?

Accepted Answer

CARD-FISH is especially useful when the

Question 14

Propose an experiment to identify members capable of assimilating monomers of lignin within a microbial community.

Accepted Answer

SIP could be used,which would require is

Question 15

Enrichment cultures can be established by placing the inoculum into selective media and incubating under specific conditions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Phototrophic organisms in SIP experiments are often observed releasing ¹⁴CO₂ as measuring activity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Which of the following methods do NOT involve nucleic acid hybridization?

Accepted Answer

A) RACE-FISH 
B) FISH-MAR 
C) phylochips 
D) T-RFLP 
A) RACE-FISH 
B) FISH-MAR 
C) phylochips 
D) T-RFLP

Question 18

The goal of environmental genomics is to detect as many genes as possible and then,if possible,to determine to the phylogeny of the organisms to which the genes belong.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

The ¹³C/¹²C isotopic ratio of geological rocks of different ages has been used as evidence for or against past biological activity,because compounds of biological origin

Accepted Answer

A) do NOT contain ¹³C. 
B) have a higher proportion of ¹³C that compounds of geological origin. 
C) have a lower proportion of ¹³C that compounds of geological origin. 
D) are not well preserved in geological samples. 
A) do NOT contain ¹³C. 
B) have a higher proportion of ¹³C that compounds of geological origin. 
C) have a lower proportion of ¹³C that compounds of geological origin. 
D) are not well preserved in geological samples.

Question 20

Organisms in natural environments can be detected by assaying for the presence of their genes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 18: Methods in Microbial Ecology

Transcription of various genes under particular environmental conditions can be studied by

How would you label and separate the DNA of unknown methylotrophs in a sample?

Which of the following hypotheses could be tested using microautoradiography fluorescence in situ hybridization (MAR-FISH)?

The MPN technique is rarely applied in the food industry because any microbial presence in food is unsafe.

FISH technology can employ only a single phylogenetic probe.

What technique(s)can be used to characterize the phylogenetic composition of a microbial community without culturing any of the members?

Winogradsky columns are used primarily for enrichment of

Combined with autofluoresence or fluorescent DNA probes,flow cytometry can separate or count populations of cells from aquatic environments.

For microbial biodiversity studies,it is common to identify the ________ rather than the ________ as a measure of biodiversity.

Which approach would help to identify biologically produced sulfur in a sediment sample?

The diversity of microorganisms in culture collections is representative of the diversity of microorganisms found in nature.

What unit is isotopic fractionation reported as?

Using specific examples,when is it appropriate to use CARD-FISH rather than the traditional FISH method and vice-versa?

Propose an experiment to identify members capable of assimilating monomers of lignin within a microbial community.

Enrichment cultures can be established by placing the inoculum into selective media and incubating under specific conditions.

Phototrophic organisms in SIP experiments are often observed releasing ¹⁴CO₂ as measuring activity.

Which of the following methods do NOT involve nucleic acid hybridization?

The goal of environmental genomics is to detect as many genes as possible and then,if possible,to determine to the phylogeny of the organisms to which the genes belong.

The ¹³C/¹²C isotopic ratio of geological rocks of different ages has been used as evidence for or against past biological activity,because compounds of biological origin

Organisms in natural environments can be detected by assaying for the presence of their genes.

Microorganisms and Microbiology

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Biology

Microbial Growth and Control

Microbial Genomics

Metabolic Regulation

Viruses and Virology

Viral Genomes and Diversity

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Interactions With Humans

Immunity and Host Defense

Immune Mechanisms

Molecular Immunology

Diagnostic Microbiology

Epidemiology

Person-To-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Water and Food As Vehicles of Bacterial Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungal and Parasitic Diseases

Filters

For microbial biodiversity studies,it is common to identify the rather than the as a measure of biodiversity.