Exam 18: Model Building

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For the following regression equation For the following regression equation   ,a unit increase in x<sub>1</sub>,while holding x<sub>2</sub> constant at a value of 2,decreases the value of y on average by: ,a unit increase in x1,while holding x2 constant at a value of 2,decreases the value of y on average by:

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Computer Training Consider the following data for two variables,x and y.The independent variable x represents the amount of training time (in hours)for a salesperson starting in a new computer store to adjust fully,and the dependent variable y represents the weekly sales (in $1000s).  Computer Training  Consider the following data for two variables,x and y.The independent variable x represents the amount of training time (in hours)for a salesperson starting in a new computer store to adjust fully,and the dependent variable y represents the weekly sales (in $1000s).   Use statistical software to answer the following question(s). ​ ​ -{Computer Training Narrative} Determine if there is sufficient evidence at the 5% significance level to infer that the quadratic relationship between y,x,and x<sup>2</sup> in the previous question is significant. Use statistical software to answer the following question(s). ​ ​ -{Computer Training Narrative} Determine if there is sufficient evidence at the 5% significance level to infer that the quadratic relationship between y,x,and x2 in the previous question is significant.

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Suppose that the sample regression line of the first-order model is Suppose that the sample regression line of the first-order model is   .If we examine the relationship between y and x<sub>1</sub> for three different values of x<sub>2</sub>,we observe that the effect of x<sub>1</sub> on y remains the same no matter what the value of x<sub>2</sub>. .If we examine the relationship between y and x1 for three different values of x2,we observe that the effect of x1 on y remains the same no matter what the value of x2.

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Incomes of Physicians An economist is analyzing the incomes of physicians (general practitioners,surgeons,and psychiatrists).He realizes that an important factor is the number of years of experience.However,he wants to know if there are differences among the three professional groups.He takes a random sample of 125 physicians and estimates the multiple regression model y = β0 + β1x1 + β2x2 + β3x3 + ε,where y = annual income (in $1,000),x1 = years of experience,x2 = 1 if physician and 0 if not,and x3 = 1 if surgeons and 0 if not.The computer output is shown below. THE REGRESSION EQUATION IS y = 71.65 + 2.07x1 + 10.16x2− 7.44x3  Incomes of Physicians  An economist is analyzing the incomes of physicians (general practitioners,surgeons,and psychiatrists).He realizes that an important factor is the number of years of experience.However,he wants to know if there are differences among the three professional groups.He takes a random sample of 125 physicians and estimates the multiple regression model y = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + β<sub>2</sub>x<sub>2</sub> + β<sub>3</sub>x<sub>3</sub> + ε,where y = annual income (in $1,000),x<sub>1</sub> = years of experience,x<sub>2</sub> = 1 if physician and 0 if not,and x<sub>3</sub> = 1 if surgeons and 0 if not.The computer output is shown below. THE REGRESSION EQUATION IS y = 71.65 + 2.07x<sub>1</sub> + 10.16x<sub>2</sub>− 7.44x<sub>3</sub>   S = 42.6 R−Sq = 30.9% ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE   ​ ​ -{Incomes of Physicians Narrative} Do these results allow us to conclude at the 1% significance level that the model is useful in predicting the income of physicians? S = 42.6 R−Sq = 30.9% ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE  Incomes of Physicians  An economist is analyzing the incomes of physicians (general practitioners,surgeons,and psychiatrists).He realizes that an important factor is the number of years of experience.However,he wants to know if there are differences among the three professional groups.He takes a random sample of 125 physicians and estimates the multiple regression model y = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub> + β<sub>2</sub>x<sub>2</sub> + β<sub>3</sub>x<sub>3</sub> + ε,where y = annual income (in $1,000),x<sub>1</sub> = years of experience,x<sub>2</sub> = 1 if physician and 0 if not,and x<sub>3</sub> = 1 if surgeons and 0 if not.The computer output is shown below. THE REGRESSION EQUATION IS y = 71.65 + 2.07x<sub>1</sub> + 10.16x<sub>2</sub>− 7.44x<sub>3</sub>   S = 42.6 R−Sq = 30.9% ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE   ​ ​ -{Incomes of Physicians Narrative} Do these results allow us to conclude at the 1% significance level that the model is useful in predicting the income of physicians? ​ ​ -{Incomes of Physicians Narrative} Do these results allow us to conclude at the 1% significance level that the model is useful in predicting the income of physicians?

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In a stepwise regression procedure,if two independent variables are highly correlated,then:

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Suppose that the sample regression equation of a second-order model is given by Suppose that the sample regression equation of a second-order model is given by   .Then,the value 4.60 is the: .Then,the value 4.60 is the:

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In a first-order model with two predictors x1 and x2,an interaction term may be used when the relationship between the dependent variable y and the predictor variables is linear.

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In general,to represent a nominal independent variable that has c possible categories,we would create (c− 1)dummy variables.

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Hockey Teams An avid hockey fan was in the process of examining the factors that determine the success or failure of hockey teams.He noticed that teams with many rookies and teams with many veterans seem to do quite poorly.To further analyze his beliefs he took a random sample of 20 teams and proposed a second-order model with one independent variable,average years of professional experience.The selected model is y = β0 + β1x + β2x2 + ε,where y = winning team's percentage,and x = average years of professional experience.The computer output is shown below. THE REGRESSION EQUATION IS y = 32.6 + 5.96x− .48x2 Hockey Teams  An avid hockey fan was in the process of examining the factors that determine the success or failure of hockey teams.He noticed that teams with many rookies and teams with many veterans seem to do quite poorly.To further analyze his beliefs he took a random sample of 20 teams and proposed a second-order model with one independent variable,average years of professional experience.The selected model is y = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>x + β<sub>2</sub>x<sup>2</sup> + ε,where y = winning team's percentage,and x = average years of professional experience.The computer output is shown below. THE REGRESSION EQUATION IS y = 32.6 + 5.96x− .48x<sup>2</sup>   S = 16.1 R−Sq = 43.9% ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE   ​ ​ -{Hockey Teams Narrative} Test to determine at the 10% significance level if the x<sup>2</sup> term should be retained. S = 16.1 R−Sq = 43.9% ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE Hockey Teams  An avid hockey fan was in the process of examining the factors that determine the success or failure of hockey teams.He noticed that teams with many rookies and teams with many veterans seem to do quite poorly.To further analyze his beliefs he took a random sample of 20 teams and proposed a second-order model with one independent variable,average years of professional experience.The selected model is y = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>x + β<sub>2</sub>x<sup>2</sup> + ε,where y = winning team's percentage,and x = average years of professional experience.The computer output is shown below. THE REGRESSION EQUATION IS y = 32.6 + 5.96x− .48x<sup>2</sup>   S = 16.1 R−Sq = 43.9% ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE   ​ ​ -{Hockey Teams Narrative} Test to determine at the 10% significance level if the x<sup>2</sup> term should be retained. ​ ​ -{Hockey Teams Narrative} Test to determine at the 10% significance level if the x2 term should be retained.

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Motorcycle Fatalities A traffic consultant has analyzed the factors that affect the number of motorcycle fatalities.She has come to the conclusion that two important variables are the number of motorcycle and the number of cars.She proposed the model Motorcycle Fatalities  A traffic consultant has analyzed the factors that affect the number of motorcycle fatalities.She has come to the conclusion that two important variables are the number of motorcycle and the number of cars.She proposed the model   (the second-order model with interaction),where y = number of annual fatalities per county,x<sub>1</sub> = number of motorcycles registered in the county (in 10,000),and x<sub>2</sub> = number of cars registered in the county (in 1000).The computer output (based on a random sample of 35 counties)is shown below: THE REGRESSION EQUATION IS     S = 15.2 R−Sq = 47.2% ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE   ​ ​ -{Motorcycle Fatalities Narrative} What is the multiple coefficient of determination? What does this statistic tell you about the model? (the second-order model with interaction),where y = number of annual fatalities per county,x1 = number of motorcycles registered in the county (in 10,000),and x2 = number of cars registered in the county (in 1000).The computer output (based on a random sample of 35 counties)is shown below: THE REGRESSION EQUATION IS Motorcycle Fatalities  A traffic consultant has analyzed the factors that affect the number of motorcycle fatalities.She has come to the conclusion that two important variables are the number of motorcycle and the number of cars.She proposed the model   (the second-order model with interaction),where y = number of annual fatalities per county,x<sub>1</sub> = number of motorcycles registered in the county (in 10,000),and x<sub>2</sub> = number of cars registered in the county (in 1000).The computer output (based on a random sample of 35 counties)is shown below: THE REGRESSION EQUATION IS     S = 15.2 R−Sq = 47.2% ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE   ​ ​ -{Motorcycle Fatalities Narrative} What is the multiple coefficient of determination? What does this statistic tell you about the model? Motorcycle Fatalities  A traffic consultant has analyzed the factors that affect the number of motorcycle fatalities.She has come to the conclusion that two important variables are the number of motorcycle and the number of cars.She proposed the model   (the second-order model with interaction),where y = number of annual fatalities per county,x<sub>1</sub> = number of motorcycles registered in the county (in 10,000),and x<sub>2</sub> = number of cars registered in the county (in 1000).The computer output (based on a random sample of 35 counties)is shown below: THE REGRESSION EQUATION IS     S = 15.2 R−Sq = 47.2% ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE   ​ ​ -{Motorcycle Fatalities Narrative} What is the multiple coefficient of determination? What does this statistic tell you about the model? S = 15.2 R−Sq = 47.2% ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE Motorcycle Fatalities  A traffic consultant has analyzed the factors that affect the number of motorcycle fatalities.She has come to the conclusion that two important variables are the number of motorcycle and the number of cars.She proposed the model   (the second-order model with interaction),where y = number of annual fatalities per county,x<sub>1</sub> = number of motorcycles registered in the county (in 10,000),and x<sub>2</sub> = number of cars registered in the county (in 1000).The computer output (based on a random sample of 35 counties)is shown below: THE REGRESSION EQUATION IS     S = 15.2 R−Sq = 47.2% ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE   ​ ​ -{Motorcycle Fatalities Narrative} What is the multiple coefficient of determination? What does this statistic tell you about the model? ​ ​ -{Motorcycle Fatalities Narrative} What is the multiple coefficient of determination? What does this statistic tell you about the model?

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The stepwise regression procedure begins by computing the multiple regression model for all independent variables of interest.

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If the odds ratio that an obese person who smokes 15 or more cigarettes per day suffers a heart attack is 9,then the probability that the person will suffer a heart attack is 0.81.

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In explaining starting salaries for graduates of psychology programs,which of the following independent variables would not best be represented with dummy variables?

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Computer Training Consider the following data for two variables,x and y.The independent variable x represents the amount of training time (in hours)for a salesperson starting in a new computer store to adjust fully,and the dependent variable y represents the weekly sales (in $1000s).  Computer Training  Consider the following data for two variables,x and y.The independent variable x represents the amount of training time (in hours)for a salesperson starting in a new computer store to adjust fully,and the dependent variable y represents the weekly sales (in $1000s).   Use statistical software to answer the following question(s). ​ ​ -{Computer Training Narrative} Determine the coefficient of determination quadratic model.What does this statistic tell you about this model? Use statistical software to answer the following question(s). ​ ​ -{Computer Training Narrative} Determine the coefficient of determination quadratic model.What does this statistic tell you about this model?

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If a quadratic relationship exists between y and each of x1 and x2,you use a(n)____________________-order polynomial model.

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In general,to represent a nominal variable with m categories,we must create _______________ indicator variables.The last category represented by I1 = I2 = .....Im−1 = 0 is called the _______________ category.

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In stepwise regression,if two independent variables are highly correlated,both variables must enter the model simultaneously.

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The ____________________ variable of a regression model is the variable that you wish to analyze or predict.

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In a multiple regression analysis,which procedure permits variables to enter and leave the model at different stages of its development?

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Another name for an indicator variable is an interval variable.

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