Question 1

Functional solutions

Accepted Answer

A) are rule-based. 
B) are general. 
C) are workable. 
D) involve trial and error. 
A) are rule-based. 
B) are general. 
C) are workable. 
D) involve trial and error.

Question 2

The main difference between an expert and a novice chess player is that the expert

Accepted Answer

A) exhibits an exceptional,photographic-like memory. 
B) explores more moves ahead of the novice player. 
C) recognizes the best patterns of play. 
D) has undergone a general strengthening of the mind. 
A) exhibits an exceptional,photographic-like memory. 
B) explores more moves ahead of the novice player. 
C) recognizes the best patterns of play. 
D) has undergone a general strengthening of the mind.

Question 3

If you have ever been without a screwdriver and took out a dime and used it to loosen the screw,then you did not let functional fixedness be a barrier to your problem-solving.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

You are given the problem of building a structure that can support an overcoat in the middle of a room and are given only two long sticks and a clamp to work with.You are more likely to solve this problem if you first thought of how pole lamps are wedged between floor and ceiling.Using your previous knowledge of pole lamps to solve the coat rack problem is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) selective comparison. 
B) selective attention. 
C) selective combination. 
D) selective encoding. 
A) selective comparison. 
B) selective attention. 
C) selective combination. 
D) selective encoding.

Question 5

Although most people use trial­and­error when they first try the Rubik's cube puzzle,some take the easy route of reading the printed instructions that give the steps for a(n) _______ solution.

Accepted Answer

A) mechanical 
B) heuristic 
C) random search 
D) intuitive 
A) mechanical 
B) heuristic 
C) random search 
D) intuitive

Question 6

Problems come in many forms and are usually best faced

Accepted Answer

A) through trial and error. 
B) mindfully. 
C) intuitively. 
D) using experiential processing. 
A) through trial and error. 
B) mindfully. 
C) intuitively. 
D) using experiential processing.

Question 7

In his study of thinking,Duncker found that the second step in problem-solving based on understanding is to

Accepted Answer

A) propose a number of functional solutions. 
B) determine the general properties of a correct solution. 
C) enumerate all the implicit actions for solving the problem. 
D) approach solutions using a trial-and-error method. 
A) propose a number of functional solutions. 
B) determine the general properties of a correct solution. 
C) enumerate all the implicit actions for solving the problem. 
D) approach solutions using a trial-and-error method.

Question 8

"Try working backward from the desired goal to the starting point or current state." This advice describes a

Accepted Answer

A) syllogism. 
B) heuristic. 
C) prototype. 
D) dimension of the semantic differential. 
A) syllogism. 
B) heuristic. 
C) prototype. 
D) dimension of the semantic differential.

Question 9

Your professor poses a question to your class about information in your assigned reading.Although you think you might know the answer,you don't raise your hand to answer because you're afraid that if you're wrong,the other students might laugh at you.You are experiencing which barrier to problem-solving?

Accepted Answer

A) cultural 
B) learned 
C) perceptual 
D) emotional 
A) cultural 
B) learned 
C) perceptual 
D) emotional

Question 10

Expert chess players can automatically recognize 50,000 to 100,000 patterns,a level of skill that takes about how long to build up?

Accepted Answer

A) one year 
B) two years 
C) five years 
D) 10 years 
A) one year 
B) two years 
C) five years 
D) 10 years

Question 11

Although almost everyone who has tried to play a poker game like Texas Hold 'Em begins at the mechanical,trial­ and-error level with those who persist and can keep up with the other players

Accepted Answer

A) using algorithms in playing the game. 
B) using rote methods,such as printed odds tables for each stage of the game. 
C) utilizing representativeness heuristics in placing bets. 
D) understanding the general properties of the game. 
A) using algorithms in playing the game. 
B) using rote methods,such as printed odds tables for each stage of the game. 
C) utilizing representativeness heuristics in placing bets. 
D) understanding the general properties of the game.

Question 12

You are locked in a windowless room with only a candle,a quarter,and a slab of processed cheese food.If you are able to use all of these items successfully to escape from the room,you would most likely have used

Accepted Answer

A) selective attention. 
B) selective inhibition. 
C) selective encoding. 
D) selective combination. 
A) selective attention. 
B) selective inhibition. 
C) selective encoding. 
D) selective combination.

Question 13

A mechanical solution to a problem is one in which

Accepted Answer

A) the answer is arrived at by using the availability heuristic. 
B) the answer is arrived at by intuition. 
C) a learned set of rules is used in answering the problem. 
D) general and functional techniques are used in answering the problem. 
A) the answer is arrived at by using the availability heuristic. 
B) the answer is arrived at by intuition. 
C) a learned set of rules is used in answering the problem. 
D) general and functional techniques are used in answering the problem.

Question 14

The use of an algebraic equation to determine how many scoops of coffee are needed to make 20 cups illustrates problem-solving by

Accepted Answer

A) trial and error. 
B) rote. 
C) understanding. 
D) heuristics. 
A) trial and error. 
B) rote. 
C) understanding. 
D) heuristics.

Question 15

The textbook problem of how many socks to take out of a drawer to get a matched pair when the drawer contains a four to five mixture of white and black socks requires the reader to realize that the four to five mixture is irrelevant information and that the only relevant information is that there are two colors of socks.Getting the correct answer of three socks requires the reader to first use which of Davidson's insight abilities?

Accepted Answer

A) selective combination 
B) selective attention 
C) selective comparison 
D) selective encoding 
A) selective combination 
B) selective attention 
C) selective comparison 
D) selective encoding

Question 16

Unnecessary restrictions to thinking tend to result in

Accepted Answer

A) fixation. 
B) selective comparison. 
C) disjunctive concepts. 
D) connotative meanings. 
A) fixation. 
B) selective comparison. 
C) disjunctive concepts. 
D) connotative meanings.

Question 17

A random search strategy involves

Accepted Answer

A) the use of insight and pragmatics. 
B) trying possible solutions to a problem in a more or less random order. 
C) limiting the number of possible solutions to be tried. 
D) correctly stating the requirements for success but not in enough detail for further action. 
A) the use of insight and pragmatics. 
B) trying possible solutions to a problem in a more or less random order. 
C) limiting the number of possible solutions to be tried. 
D) correctly stating the requirements for success but not in enough detail for further action.

Question 18

A sudden mental reorganization of a problem that makes the solution obvious is called

Accepted Answer

A) inductive thought. 
B) deductive thought. 
C) insight. 
D) intelligence. 
A) inductive thought. 
B) deductive thought. 
C) insight. 
D) intelligence.

Question 19

Selective combination is the

Accepted Answer

A) ability to evaluate new problems by associating them with old information or with problems already solved. 
B) ability to choose information that is relevant to a problem while ignoring distractions. 
C) ability to bring together seemingly unrelated bits of useful information. 
D) tendency to get "hung up" on wrong solutions or to become blind to alternatives. 
A) ability to evaluate new problems by associating them with old information or with problems already solved. 
B) ability to choose information that is relevant to a problem while ignoring distractions. 
C) ability to bring together seemingly unrelated bits of useful information. 
D) tendency to get "hung up" on wrong solutions or to become blind to alternatives.

Question 20

Amateurs become experts in their fields when they start basing their solutions on

Accepted Answer

A) trial and error methods. 
B) rote learning. 
C) understanding. 
D) the use of algorithms. 
A) trial and error methods. 
B) rote learning. 
C) understanding. 
D) the use of algorithms.

Exam 38: Cognition and Intelligence: Problem Solving

Functional solutions

The main difference between an expert and a novice chess player is that the expert

If you have ever been without a screwdriver and took out a dime and used it to loosen the screw,then you did not let functional fixedness be a barrier to your problem-solving.

Although most people use trial­and­error when they first try the Rubik's cube puzzle,some take the easy route of reading the printed instructions that give the steps for a(n) _______ solution.

Problems come in many forms and are usually best faced

In his study of thinking,Duncker found that the second step in problem-solving based on understanding is to

"Try working backward from the desired goal to the starting point or current state." This advice describes a

Expert chess players can automatically recognize 50,000 to 100,000 patterns,a level of skill that takes about how long to build up?

Although almost everyone who has tried to play a poker game like Texas Hold 'Em begins at the mechanical,trial­ and-error level with those who persist and can keep up with the other players

You are locked in a windowless room with only a candle,a quarter,and a slab of processed cheese food.If you are able to use all of these items successfully to escape from the room,you would most likely have used

A mechanical solution to a problem is one in which

The use of an algebraic equation to determine how many scoops of coffee are needed to make 20 cups illustrates problem-solving by

Unnecessary restrictions to thinking tend to result in

A random search strategy involves

A sudden mental reorganization of a problem that makes the solution obvious is called

Selective combination is the

Amateurs become experts in their fields when they start basing their solutions on

Introduction

How to Study Psychology

Introducing Psychology: Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science

Introducing Psychology: Psychology Then and Now

Introducing Psychology: the Psychology Experiment

Introducing Psychology: Non-Experimental Research Methods

Psychology in Action: Thinking Critically About the Media

Brain and Behavior: Neurons and the Nervous System

Brain and Behavior: Brain Research

Brain and Behavior: Hemispheres and Lobes of the Cortex

Brain and Behavior: Sub-Cortex and Endocrine System

Psychology in Action: Handedness

Human Development: Heredity and Environment

Human Development: Emotional and Social Development in Childhood

Human Development: Language and Cognitive Development in Childhood

Human Development: Adolescence and Adulthood

Psychology in Action: Well-Being and Happiness

Sensation and Perception: Sensory Processes

Sensation and Perception: Vision

Sensation and Perception: The Other Senses

Sensation and Perception: Perceptual Processes

Sensation and Perception: Perception and Objectivity

Psychology in Action: Extrasensory Perception

Consciousness: States of Consciousness

Consciousness: Sleep and Dreams

Consciousness: Psychoactive Drugs

Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams

Conditioning and Learning: Types of Learning

Conditioning and Learning: Classical Conditioning

Conditioning and Learning: Operant Conditioning

Conditioning and Learning: Reinforcement and Punishment

Psychology in Action: Behavioral Self-Management

Memory: Memory Systems

Memory: Forgetting

Memory: Exceptional Memory and Improving Memory

Psychology in Action: Mnemonics

Cognition and Intelligence: Imagery, Concepts, and Language

Cognition and Intelligence: Creative Thinking and Intuition

Cognition and Intelligence: Intelligence

Psychology in Action: Enhancing Creativity

Motivation and Emotion: Overview of Motives and Emotions

Motivation and Emotion: Motivation in Detail

Motivation and Emotion: Emotion in Detail

Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence

Human Sexuality: Sexual Development and Orientation

Human Sexuality: Gender Development, Androgyny, and Gender Variance

Human Sexuality: Sexual Behavior, Response, and Attitudes

Psychology in Action: Sexual Problems

Personality: Overview of Personality

Personality: Trait Theories

Personality: Psychoanalytic and Humanistic Theories

Personality: Behavioral and Social Learning Theories

Psychology in Action: Understanding Shyness

Health, Stress, and Coping: Health Psychology

Health, Stress, and Coping: Stress, Frustration, and Conflict

Health, Stress, and Coping: Defenses, Helplessness, and Depression

Health, Stress, and Coping: Stress and Health

Psychology in Action: Stress Management

Psychological Disorders: Normality and Psychopathology

Psychological Disorders: Psychosis, Delusional Disorders, and Schizophrenia

Psychological Disorders: Mood Disorders

Psychological Disorders: Anxiety-Based Disorders and Personality Disorders

Although most people use trialanderror when they first try the Rubik's cube puzzle,some take the easy route of reading the printed instructions that give the steps for a(n) _______ solution.

Although almost everyone who has tried to play a poker game like Texas Hold 'Em begins at the mechanical,trial and-error level with those who persist and can keep up with the other players