Question 1

________ is commonly used as an oxidizing agent in catabolic pathways while ________ is commonly used as a reducing agent in anabolic pathways.

Accepted Answer

A) NAD+;NADH 
B) NAD+;FADH2 
C) NADP+;NADH 
D) FAD;FADH2 
E) NAD+;NADPH 
A) NAD+;NADH 
B) NAD+;FADH2 
C) NADP+;NADH 
D) FAD;FADH2 
E) NAD+;NADPH E

Question 2

The phosphorylation of creatine (Cr)by ATP forming creatine phosphate (Cr-P)is rather endergonic ($\Delta$G°´ = + 12.6 kJ/mol).Which of the following explains how this reaction proceeds in a typical muscle cell?

Accepted Answer

A) in the cytosol,[ATP] is high and [Cr] is high allowing the reaction to proceed 
B) in the mitochondria,[ATP] is high and [Cr-P] is low allowing the reaction to proceed 
C) Cr-P is rapidly transported across the cellular membrane allowing for high levels of Cr-P in the cytosol 
D) in the mitochondria,[ADP] is high allowing phosphorylation of Cr to occur 
E) none of the above 
A) in the cytosol,[ATP] is high and [Cr] is high allowing the reaction to proceed 
B) in the mitochondria,[ATP] is high and [Cr-P] is low allowing the reaction to proceed 
C) Cr-P is rapidly transported across the cellular membrane allowing for high levels of Cr-P in the cytosol 
D) in the mitochondria,[ADP] is high allowing phosphorylation of Cr to occur 
E) none of the above B

Question 3

Which of the following accurately describes the adenylate energy charge?

Accepted Answer

A) numerator: 2 [ATP] + [ADP];denominator: [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP] 
B) numerator: [ATP] + [ADP];denominator: [ATP] + 0.5 [ADP] + 0.25 [AMP] 
C) numerator: [ATP] + 0.5 [ADP];denominator: 2 [ATP] + [ADP] + 0.5 [AMP] 
D) numerator: [ATP] + 0.5 [ADP];denominator: [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP] 
E) none of the above 
A) numerator: 2 [ATP] + [ADP];denominator: [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP] 
B) numerator: [ATP] + [ADP];denominator: [ATP] + 0.5 [ADP] + 0.25 [AMP] 
C) numerator: [ATP] + 0.5 [ADP];denominator: 2 [ATP] + [ADP] + 0.5 [AMP] 
D) numerator: [ATP] + 0.5 [ADP];denominator: [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP] 
E) none of the above D

Question 4

The formation of a hemiacetal when glucose undergoes cyclization represents what type of reaction?

Accepted Answer

A) nucleophilic substitution 
B) nucleophilic addition 
C) carbonyl condensation 
D) elimination 
E) oxidation 
A) nucleophilic substitution 
B) nucleophilic addition 
C) carbonyl condensation 
D) elimination 
E) oxidation

Question 5

Complete oxidation of glucose by burning in a calorimeter gives a $\Delta$G°´ of -2870 kJ/mol.If we assume this to be the maximum energy that can be extracted from glucose,what is the percent of energy that is captured in a cell given that about 32 ATP can be made from a single molecule of glucose? $\Delta$G°´ for ATP hydrolysis is -30.5 kJ/mol while $\Delta$G for ATP hydrolysis in a cell is about -51 kJ/mol.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete oxidation of glucose by burning in...

Question 6

Which of the following types of reactions best describes the formation of a peptide bond?

Accepted Answer

A) nucleophilic substitution 
B) nucleophilic addition 
C) nucleophilic acyl substitution 
D) elimination 
E) carbonyl condensation 
A) nucleophilic substitution 
B) nucleophilic addition 
C) nucleophilic acyl substitution 
D) elimination 
E) carbonyl condensation

Question 7

During the oxidation of glucose within a typical animal cell,reduced electron carrier such as NADH are produced.What is the terminal electron acceptor of the electrons carried by NADH?

Accepted Answer

A) NAD+ 
B) FAD 
C) O2 
D) H2O 
E) none of the above 
A) NAD+ 
B) FAD 
C) O2 
D) H2O 
E) none of the above

Question 8

What is the oxidant in the following reaction?

Accepted Answer

A) ethanol 
B) NAD+ 
C) acetaldehyde 
D) NADH 
E) H+ 
A) ethanol 
B) NAD+ 
C) acetaldehyde 
D) NADH 
E) H+

Question 9

Which of the following represents a correct compartmentation of a biochemical process with its cellular location?

Accepted Answer

A) fatty acid oxidation: endoplasmic reticulum 
B) RNA synthesis: Golgi complex 
C) citric acid cycle: mitochondria 
D) gluconeogenesis: lysosome 
E) none of the above 
A) fatty acid oxidation: endoplasmic reticulum 
B) RNA synthesis: Golgi complex 
C) citric acid cycle: mitochondria 
D) gluconeogenesis: lysosome 
E) none of the above

Question 10

Many enzyme-catalyzed reactions that transfer a phosphate from one molecule to another utilize a histidine residue in the active site of the enzyme.The histidine participates in covalent catalysis by performing a nucleophilic attack on a phosphate,forming an intermediate phosphohistidine (the phosphate covalently attached to the histidine residue).Using ATP as the phosphate donor,show the reaction to form the phosphohistidine intermediate-you do not have to show arrow pushing.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many enzyme-catalyzed reactions that transfer a phosphate...

Question 11

The glycolytic reaction 
fructose-6-phosphate + ATP $\to$ fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

Has an ATP-coupling coefficient of _____ while the gluconeogenic reaction

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + H2O $\to$ fructose-6-phosphate + Pi

Has an ATP-coupling coefficient of _____.

Accepted Answer

A) 1;0 
B) -1;0 
C) 1;-1 
D) -1;1 
E) none of the above 
A) 1;0 
B) -1;0 
C) 1;-1 
D) -1;1 
E) none of the above

Question 12

Which of the following functional groups is a commonly seen nucleophile in biochemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

A) aldehyde 
B) deprotonated alcohol 
C) amide 
D) carbocation 
E) iodide ion 
A) aldehyde 
B) deprotonated alcohol 
C) amide 
D) carbocation 
E) iodide ion

Question 13

Based on the following reaction,what is the respiratory quotient for stearic acid? 
C18H36O2 + 26 O2 $\to$ 18 CO2 + 18 H2O

Accepted Answer

A) 1.44 
B) 0.69 
C) 1.39 
D) 0.72 
E) none of the above 
A) 1.44 
B) 0.69 
C) 1.39 
D) 0.72 
E) none of the above

Question 14

Which of the following would be considered a biosynthetic pathway?

Accepted Answer

A) glycolysis 
B) glycogen synthesis 
C) fatty acid $\beta$-oxidation 
D) citric acid cycle 
E) electron transport 
A) glycolysis 
B) glycogen synthesis 
C) fatty acid $\beta$-oxidation 
D) citric acid cycle 
E) electron transport

Question 15

Which of the following pairs of pathways,if active at the same time,would be considered a futile cycle?

Accepted Answer

A) gluconeogenesis and citric acid cycle 
B) fatty acid $\beta$-oxidation and glycolysis 
C) fatty acid synthesis and glycolysis 
D) fatty acid synthesis and citric acid cycle 
E) glycolysis and gluconeogenesis 
A) gluconeogenesis and citric acid cycle 
B) fatty acid $\beta$-oxidation and glycolysis 
C) fatty acid synthesis and glycolysis 
D) fatty acid synthesis and citric acid cycle 
E) glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 16

In stage ____ metabolism,a catabolic pathway might produce ________ while the opposing anabolic pathway might produce _________.

Accepted Answer

A) 2;monosaccharides;polysaccharides 
B) 3;CO2;glucose 
C) 2;acetyl CoA;lipids 
D) 1;amino acids;proteins 
E) 3;NH3;nucleotides 
A) 2;monosaccharides;polysaccharides 
B) 3;CO2;glucose 
C) 2;acetyl CoA;lipids 
D) 1;amino acids;proteins 
E) 3;NH3;nucleotides

Question 17

The concentration of which of the following ions can make a significant change in the $\Delta$G for reactions that involve ATP?

Accepted Answer

A) Mg2+ 
B) Na+ 
C) Cl- 
D) K+ 
E) Ca2+ 
A) Mg2+ 
B) Na+ 
C) Cl- 
D) K+ 
E) Ca2+

Question 18

Which of the following functional groups is commonly the electrophile in nucleophilic acyl substitutions?

Accepted Answer

A) ester 
B) hydroxide ion 
C) amine 
D) thiol 
E) carboxylate 
A) ester 
B) hydroxide ion 
C) amine 
D) thiol 
E) carboxylate

Question 19

Which of the following types of reactions best describes the reaction shown below?

Accepted Answer

A) nucleophilic substitution 
B) nucleophilic addition 
C) nucleophilic acyl substitution 
D) elimination 
E) carbonyl condensation 
A) nucleophilic substitution 
B) nucleophilic addition 
C) nucleophilic acyl substitution 
D) elimination 
E) carbonyl condensation

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding the general concepts of metabolism is true?

Accepted Answer

A) once glucose is converted to pyruvate,there is no way to convert pyruvate back to glucose 
B) when triacylglycerols are used as fuel,only the fatty acids can be metabolized,the glycerol is a waste product 
C) amino acids serve as substrates for many pathways including glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 
D) the citric acid cycle is generally considered an anabolic pathway while gluconeogenesis is generally considered a catabolic pathway 
E) none of the above 
A) once glucose is converted to pyruvate,there is no way to convert pyruvate back to glucose 
B) when triacylglycerols are used as fuel,only the fatty acids can be metabolized,the glycerol is a waste product 
C) amino acids serve as substrates for many pathways including glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 
D) the citric acid cycle is generally considered an anabolic pathway while gluconeogenesis is generally considered a catabolic pathway 
E) none of the above

Exam 12: Chemical Logic of Metabolism

________ is commonly used as an oxidizing agent in catabolic pathways while ________ is commonly used as a reducing agent in anabolic pathways.

The phosphorylation of creatine (Cr)by ATP forming creatine phosphate (Cr-P)is rather endergonic ( Δ\DeltaΔ G°´ = + 12.6 kJ/mol).Which of the following explains how this reaction proceeds in a typical muscle cell?

Which of the following accurately describes the adenylate energy charge?

The formation of a hemiacetal when glucose undergoes cyclization represents what type of reaction?

Which of the following types of reactions best describes the formation of a peptide bond?

During the oxidation of glucose within a typical animal cell,reduced electron carrier such as NADH are produced.What is the terminal electron acceptor of the electrons carried by NADH?

What is the oxidant in the following reaction?

Which of the following represents a correct compartmentation of a biochemical process with its cellular location?

The glycolytic reaction fructose-6-phosphate + ATP →\to→ fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP Has an ATP-coupling coefficient of _____ while the gluconeogenic reaction Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + H2O →\to→ fructose-6-phosphate + Pi Has an ATP-coupling coefficient of _____.

Which of the following functional groups is a commonly seen nucleophile in biochemical reactions?

Based on the following reaction,what is the respiratory quotient for stearic acid? C18H36O2 + 26 O2 →\to→ 18 CO2 + 18 H2O

Which of the following would be considered a biosynthetic pathway?

Which of the following pairs of pathways,if active at the same time,would be considered a futile cycle?

In stage ____ metabolism,a catabolic pathway might produce ________ while the opposing anabolic pathway might produce _________.

The concentration of which of the following ions can make a significant change in the Δ\DeltaΔ G for reactions that involve ATP?

Which of the following functional groups is commonly the electrophile in nucleophilic acyl substitutions?

Which of the following types of reactions best describes the reaction shown below?

Which of the following statements regarding the general concepts of metabolism is true?

The Scope of Biochemistry

The Matrix of Life: Weak Interactions in an Aqueous Environment

The Energetics of Life

Nucleic Acids

Introduction to Proteins: the Primary Level of Protein Structure

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

Protein Function and Evolution

Contractile Proteins and Molecular Motors

Carbohydrates: Sugars,saccharides,glycans

Lipids,membranes and Cellular Transport

Enzymes: Biological Catalysts

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Citric Acid Cycle and Glyoxylate Cycle

Electron Transport, oxidative Phosphorylation, and Oxygen Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Lipid Metabolism I: Fatty Acids,triacylglycerols,and Lipoproteins

Interorgan and Intracellular Coordination of Energy Metabolism in Vertebrates

Lipid Metabolism Ii: Membrane Lipids, steroids, isoprenoids, and Eicosanoids

Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds I: Principles of Biosynthesis, utilization, and Turnover

Metabolism of Nitogenous Compounds Ii: Amino Acids, porphyrins, and Neurotransmitters

Nucleotide Metabolism

Mechanisms of Signal Transduction

Genes,genomes and Chromosomes

Dna Replication

Dna Restructuring: Repair,recombination,rearrangement,amplification

Information Readout: Transcription and Post-Transcriptional Processing

Information Decoding: Translation and Post-Translational Protein Processing

Regulation of Gene Expression

Filters

is commonly used as an oxidizing agent in catabolic pathways while is commonly used as a reducing agent in anabolic pathways.

The phosphorylation of creatine (Cr)by ATP forming creatine phosphate (Cr-P)is rather endergonic ( $\Delta$ G°´ = + 12.6 kJ/mol).Which of the following explains how this reaction proceeds in a typical muscle cell?

The glycolytic reaction fructose-6-phosphate + ATP $\to$ fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP Has an ATP-coupling coefficient of _____ while the gluconeogenic reaction Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + H₂O $\to$ fructose-6-phosphate + P_i Has an ATP-coupling coefficient of _____.

Based on the following reaction,what is the respiratory quotient for stearic acid? C₁₈H₃₆O₂ + 26 O₂ $\to$ 18 CO₂ + 18 H₂O

In stage metabolism,a catabolic pathway might produce while the opposing anabolic pathway might produce _____.

The concentration of which of the following ions can make a significant change in the $\Delta$ G for reactions that involve ATP?