Chat with AIExam 7: Section 1: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
Define the concepts of standardization, reliability, and validity, and explain why they are important requirements for any psychological test.
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VerifiedThe answer should include the following information: Standardization means that a test is given to a large number of participants who are thought to be representative of the group of people for whom the test has been designed. Everyone takes the same form of the test under uniform conditions. The scores from this process establish the norms, or the standards, for the test; individual scores are compared to this standard score. For IQ tests, such norms closely resemble a normal distribution. A bell-shaped curve shows that most scores cluster around the average score and more extreme scores are less commonly observed. Reliability refers to the idea that a test records similar scores on different occasions in a consistent manner. Reliability can be assessed by administering two similar, but not identical, tests at different times. Alternatively, the scores on one half of the test with the scores on the other half of the test can be compared. A reliable test produces test and retest scores that are similar. Validity refers to the notion that a test measures what it is supposed to measure. A validity test should have predictive value. For example, a test that purports to measure depression should adequately and accurately measure thoughts and behaviors related to depression.
Can nonhuman animals "think"? Do they consciously reason? Such questions may be unanswerable. Describe the approach that contemporary comparative psychologists take today instead.
(34) VerifiedThe answer should include the following information: Comparative psychologists today are interested in the specific cognitive capabilities of different species and how they have evolved to adapt to their ecological niche. These questions are much more approachable than trying to determine if animals can reason, think, or communicate in the same way that humans do.
Imagine that Spearman, Thurstone, Sternberg, and Gardner are engaged in a spirited debate of the following statement: "A person's IQ score is the single best description of his or her overall mental ability." Pick any two of these theorists and explain how they would respond to this contention.
(39) VerifiedThe answer might include the following information: Gardner does not believe that intelligence can be accurately reflected in a single measure of intelligence. Gardner's theory includes eight distinct, independent intelligences. Further, Gardner believes that everyone has a different pattern of strengths and weaknesses in terms of these independent intelligences. Sternberg would agree with Gardner; he also believes that intelligence is a broad quality that cannot be accurately reflected in a single measure of intelligence.
For individuals who are genetically related, how does similarity in IQ scores vary with degree of genetic relatedness?
(38) Contrast the ways in which formal concepts and natural concepts are formed, and give an original example of each.
(35) Define stereotype threat, and provide an example of psychological research that has demonstrated its effects on test performance.
(39) Danica is the parent of 5-year-old Mariah. Mariah will be attending a large charter school in the fall. The school offers many classes that are taught in both English and Spanish. Danica is worried about her daughter being in both types of classes, as she believes bilingualism leads to confusion, delayed language development, learning problems, and lower intelligence. Using research presented in your text, explain why Danica's beliefs are wrong. Be sure to include the benefits of bilingual education in your answer.
(43) Describe the differences between algorithms and heuristics, and give an example of each.
(33) Describe the field of comparative cognition, and describe some important findings from this active area of psychological research.
(38) Describe three strategies that can be used to make a decision among several alternatives.
(33) How do we use the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic to help estimate the probability of an event's occurring?
(41) Compare and contrast Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences with Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence.
(33) Describe the experimental procedure and major findings of Kathleen O'Craven and Nancy Kanwisher's fMRI study of mental imagery involving faces and places.
(36) Describe and explain the implications of the study by Stephen Kosslyn and his colleagues that involved memorizing locations on a map of a fictitious island.
(35) Describe and explain the contributions of genetics and environmental factors that influence IQ scores. How do researchers approach questions related to these variables?
(40) Explain what is meant by autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and neurodiversity, from the In Focus Box, "Neurodiversity: Beyond IQ."
(37) Discuss research evidence for and against the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
(37) What was Alfred Binet's role in the development of intelligence tests?
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