Question 1

Functional plasticity:

Accepted Answer

A) produces aphasia or paralysis. 
B) has been demonstrated in research with primates but not with humans. 
C) refers to the brain's ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged areas of the brain. 
D) can only occur in children prior to about the age of seven. 
A) produces aphasia or paralysis. 
B) has been demonstrated in research with primates but not with humans. 
C) refers to the brain's ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged areas of the brain. 
D) can only occur in children prior to about the age of seven. C

Question 2

According to the In Focus box: Traumatic Injury: From Concussions to Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, professional athletes, particularly football and hockey players, are at risk for:

Accepted Answer

A) early-onset schizophrenia. 
B) permanent amnesia. 
C) chronic traumatic encephalopathy. 
D) imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. 
A) early-onset schizophrenia. 
B) permanent amnesia. 
C) chronic traumatic encephalopathy. 
D) imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. C

Question 3

The electrical charge of a neuron when it is in the resting potential state is about:

Accepted Answer

A) +30 millivolts. 
B) -70 millivolts. 
C) +2 volts. 
D) -10 volts. 
A) +30 millivolts. 
B) -70 millivolts. 
C) +2 volts. 
D) -10 volts. B

Question 4

When a neuron is in the resting potential state:

Accepted Answer

A) it is unable to activate. 
B) it has a negative electrical charge of about 7 volts. 
C) the fluid within the axon has a larger concentration of potassium ions than the fluid surrounding the axon. 
D) the ion channels are open. 
A) it is unable to activate. 
B) it has a negative electrical charge of about 7 volts. 
C) the fluid within the axon has a larger concentration of potassium ions than the fluid surrounding the axon. 
D) the ion channels are open.

Question 5

Evidence suggests that the addictiveness of some drugs, including cocaine and nicotine, is related to increases in the activity of which of the following neurotransmitters?

Accepted Answer

A) dopamine 
B) pepsinogen 
C) acetylene 
D) propene 
A) dopamine 
B) pepsinogen 
C) acetylene 
D) propene

Question 6

How is each part of the body represented on the somatosensory cortex?

Accepted Answer

A) in proportion to each body part's potential for movement 
B) in proportion to the degree of neurogenesis that has occurred in each segment of the region 
C) in proportion to the size of each body part 
D) in proportion to each body part's sensitivity to physical ensations 
A) in proportion to each body part's potential for movement 
B) in proportion to the degree of neurogenesis that has occurred in each segment of the region 
C) in proportion to the size of each body part 
D) in proportion to each body part's sensitivity to physical ensations

Question 7

Although your text talks about brain centers and structures that are involved in different aspects of behavior, the best way to think of the brain is as a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) integrated system. 
B) neural network. 
C) computer memory device. 
D) neural pathway. 
A) integrated system. 
B) neural network. 
C) computer memory device. 
D) neural pathway.

Question 8

Which two factors affect the speed at which the action potential is conducted along a neuron's axon?

Accepted Answer

A) the diameter of the axon and whether the axon is wrapped with a myelin sheath 
B) the number of dendrites and the size of the cell body 
C) the type and number of axons projecting from the neuron 
D) the size of the positive electrical charge just before an action potential occurs and the number of adjacent neurons 
A) the diameter of the axon and whether the axon is wrapped with a myelin sheath 
B) the number of dendrites and the size of the cell body 
C) the type and number of axons projecting from the neuron 
D) the size of the positive electrical charge just before an action potential occurs and the number of adjacent neurons

Question 9

Which of the following is one of the phenomena mentioned in the text that is associated with increased endorphin levels?

Accepted Answer

A) addiction to nicotine 
B) muscle spasms during aerobic exercise 
C) the pain-relieving effects of acupuncture 
D) the relaxation produced by drinking alcohol 
A) addiction to nicotine 
B) muscle spasms during aerobic exercise 
C) the pain-relieving effects of acupuncture 
D) the relaxation produced by drinking alcohol

Question 10

Almost all of the sensory and motor information going to and from the cerebral cortex is processed through the:

Accepted Answer

A) thalamus. 
B) hypothalamus. 
C) hippocampus. 
D) pituitary gland. 
A) thalamus. 
B) hypothalamus. 
C) hippocampus. 
D) pituitary gland.

Question 11

Communication between two neurons occurs at the:

Accepted Answer

A) nucleus. 
B) node of Ranvier. 
C) ion channel. 
D) synapse. 
A) nucleus. 
B) node of Ranvier. 
C) ion channel. 
D) synapse.

Question 12

Which parts of the body have the greatest representation on the primary motor cortex?

Accepted Answer

A) hands and facial muscles 
B) legs and arms muscles 
C) head and neck muscles 
D) chest and back muscles 
A) hands and facial muscles 
B) legs and arms muscles 
C) head and neck muscles 
D) chest and back muscles

Question 13

The right side of the brain controls movements on the left side of the body, such as the ability to kick your left leg. Where do the outgoing motor messages cross over?

Accepted Answer

A) at the forebrain level 
B) at the midbrain level 
C) in the spinal cord 
D) at the hindbrain level 
A) at the forebrain level 
B) at the midbrain level 
C) in the spinal cord 
D) at the hindbrain level

Question 14

What is the result of sodium ions moving across the axon's membrane during an action potential?

Accepted Answer

A) The inside of the axon changes to a negative electrical charge. 
B) The outside of the axon changes to a positive electrical charge. 
C) The inside of the axon changes to a positive electrical charge. 
D) The nodes of Ranvier close. 
A) The inside of the axon changes to a negative electrical charge. 
B) The outside of the axon changes to a positive electrical charge. 
C) The inside of the axon changes to a positive electrical charge. 
D) The nodes of Ranvier close.

Question 15

At 70 years old, Alice decided to take up juggling. According to research described in a Focus on Neuroscience feature, what kind of brain changes might result from Alice's new hobby?

Accepted Answer

A) increased complexity in the corpus callosum 
B) gray matter increases in brain regions involved in perceiving and anticipating complex visual motions 
C) damage to the cerebellum 
D) No changes would result; plasticity has not been demonstrated in the aging brain. 
A) increased complexity in the corpus callosum 
B) gray matter increases in brain regions involved in perceiving and anticipating complex visual motions 
C) damage to the cerebellum 
D) No changes would result; plasticity has not been demonstrated in the aging brain.

Question 16

According to the Critical Thinking box in the text, "'His' and 'Her' Brains?":

Accepted Answer

A) neuroscientists have found no structural differences between male and female brains. 
B) physiological gender differences are innate, biological, permanent, and hard-wired in the brain. 
C) not all structural differences found in male and female brains lead to differences in measurable behavior or abilities. 
D) research findings on differences in male and female brains conclusively support the belief that men and women think and reason differently. 
A) neuroscientists have found no structural differences between male and female brains. 
B) physiological gender differences are innate, biological, permanent, and hard-wired in the brain. 
C) not all structural differences found in male and female brains lead to differences in measurable behavior or abilities. 
D) research findings on differences in male and female brains conclusively support the belief that men and women think and reason differently.

Question 17

The action potential is produced by the:

Accepted Answer

A) movement of neurotransmitters across the ion channels. 
B) opening and closing of the nodes in the myelin sheath. 
C) reuptake of the neurotransmitters into the vesicles. 
D) movement of ions across the membrane of the axon. 
A) movement of neurotransmitters across the ion channels. 
B) opening and closing of the nodes in the myelin sheath. 
C) reuptake of the neurotransmitters into the vesicles. 
D) movement of ions across the membrane of the axon.

Question 18

An action potential occurs when:

Accepted Answer

A) sodium ions enter the axon's interior, causing a brief positive electrical impulse. 
B) potassium ions are electrically transformed into sodium ions. 
C) polarized dendrites stimulate adjoining nodes of Ranvier. 
D) potassium ions enter the dendrites and sodium ions exit the axon, causing depolarization and a brief negative electrical charge. 
A) sodium ions enter the axon's interior, causing a brief positive electrical impulse. 
B) potassium ions are electrically transformed into sodium ions. 
C) polarized dendrites stimulate adjoining nodes of Ranvier. 
D) potassium ions enter the dendrites and sodium ions exit the axon, causing depolarization and a brief negative electrical charge.

Question 19

Most of the neurons in the human nervous system are:

Accepted Answer

A) interneurons. 
B) motor neurons. 
C) sensory neurons. 
D) glial cells. 
A) interneurons. 
B) motor neurons. 
C) sensory neurons. 
D) glial cells.

Question 20

A Focus on Neuroscience section in the text described a research study involving participants who learned how to juggle. What was the purpose of the study?

Accepted Answer

A) to test the effects of enriched environments on balance and motor skills 
B) to compare the motor skills of jugglers versus nonjugglers 
C) to determine whether learning a new skill caused structural changes in the brain 
D) to determine whether juggling involves primarily the left or the right cerebral hemisphere 
A) to test the effects of enriched environments on balance and motor skills 
B) to compare the motor skills of jugglers versus nonjugglers 
C) to determine whether learning a new skill caused structural changes in the brain 
D) to determine whether juggling involves primarily the left or the right cerebral hemisphere

Exam 2: Section 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Functional plasticity:

According to the In Focus box: Traumatic Injury: From Concussions to Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, professional athletes, particularly football and hockey players, are at risk for:

The electrical charge of a neuron when it is in the resting potential state is about:

When a neuron is in the resting potential state:

Evidence suggests that the addictiveness of some drugs, including cocaine and nicotine, is related to increases in the activity of which of the following neurotransmitters?

How is each part of the body represented on the somatosensory cortex?

Although your text talks about brain centers and structures that are involved in different aspects of behavior, the best way to think of the brain is as a(n):

Which two factors affect the speed at which the action potential is conducted along a neuron's axon?

Which of the following is one of the phenomena mentioned in the text that is associated with increased endorphin levels?

Almost all of the sensory and motor information going to and from the cerebral cortex is processed through the:

Communication between two neurons occurs at the:

Which parts of the body have the greatest representation on the primary motor cortex?

The right side of the brain controls movements on the left side of the body, such as the ability to kick your left leg. Where do the outgoing motor messages cross over?

What is the result of sodium ions moving across the axon's membrane during an action potential?

At 70 years old, Alice decided to take up juggling. According to research described in a Focus on Neuroscience feature, what kind of brain changes might result from Alice's new hobby?

According to the Critical Thinking box in the text, "'His' and 'Her' Brains?":

The action potential is produced by the:

An action potential occurs when:

Most of the neurons in the human nervous system are:

A Focus on Neuroscience section in the text described a research study involving participants who learned how to juggle. What was the purpose of the study?

Section 1: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 2: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 3: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 4: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 5: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 1: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 3: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 4: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 5: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 1: Sensation and Perception

Section 2: Sensation and Perception

Section 3: Sensation and Perception

Section 4: Sensation and Perception

Section 5: Sensation and Perception

Section 1: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 2: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 3: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 4: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 5: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 1: Learning

Section 2: Learning

Section 3: Learning

Section 4: Learning

Section 5: Learning

Section 1: Memory

Section 2: Memory

Section 3: Memory

Section 4: Memory

Section 5: Memory

Section 1: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 2: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 3: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 4: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 5: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 1: Motivation and Emotion

Section 2: Motivation and Emotion

Section 3: Motivation and Emotion

Section 4: Motivation and Emotion

Section 5: Motivation and Emotion

Section 1: Lifespan Development

Section 2: Lifespan Development

Section 3: Lifespan Development

Section 4: Lifespan Development

Section 5: Lifespan Development

Section 1: Personality

Section 2: Personality

Section 3: Personality

Section 4: Personality

Section 5: Personality

Section 1: Social Psychology

Section 2: Social Psychology

Section 3: Social Psychology

Section 4: Social Psychology

Section 5: Social Psychology

Section 1: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 2: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 3: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 4: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 5: Stress, Health, and Coping