Exam 5: Section 4: Learning

Pavlov taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a musical tone by repeatedly pairing food with a musical tone. In this example, the food is the _____ and the dog salivating to the food is the _____.

Violet is participating in a new drug trial. For the past month, she has been taking an anti-anxiety medication and reporting on her moods, stress, and levels of anxiety. According to Violet, she feels better than she has for years. Most of her anxiety is gone, and she is able to handle stress better. What Violet doesn't know is that she is actually taking a sugar pill. That is, she is not actually taking a medication for anxiety. Violet's response to this medication is called:

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, _____ was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors. This phenomenon is called:

After two weeks of being screamed at by his drill sergeant at boot camp and shuddering with fear in response, a Marine recruit named Joe now shudders every time he hears the footsteps of his drill sergeant coming down the hall. When the drill sergeant enters the room, Joe snaps to attention and salutes. In this example, shuddering to the sound of the footsteps is a(n) _____ and saluting is a(n) _____.

A group of rats was run through a maze for 12 days. On days 1 through 10, there was no food reward at the end of the maze, and the rats made many errors as they slowly moved through the maze. On day 11, a food reward was placed at the end of the maze. After the food reward was introduced, the rats ran the maze very quickly and with few errors. According to psychologist _____, this experiment demonstrated a phenomenon called _____.

A voluntary action is also called a(n):

A pigeon in operant chamber #1 regularly receives a pellet of food after every 10 pecks at a red disk, no matter how long it takes. A rat in operant chamber #2 regularly receives a pellet of food for the first bar press it makes after 10 minutes have passed, no matter how many bar presses it makes. The pigeon is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement, and the rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

A shuttlebox was used by used by Martin Seligman and Steven Maier to demonstrate the phenomenon of:

Daniel's young twins often get into arguments about toys and what to watch on television. To reduce the number of arguments, Daniel started setting time limits during play and TV viewing. If the boys refrained from arguing during the set time, they were immediately rewarded with verbal encouragement and stars for their sticker charts. According to the box In Focus: Changing the Behavior of Others, Daniel is using the strategy of:

Which of the following suggestions would probably help you overcome the temptation to choose a short-term reinforcer over a long-term reinforcer?

A television commercial for a new camera features a handsome man taking photographs of beautiful women in bikinis on a California beach. This commercial uses _____ conditioning techniques, following an approach to advertising that was pioneered by _____.

If B.F. Skinner were presented with the following terms, which one would he MOST likely reject?

_____ formulated the "law of effect."

In psychology, the formal definition of "learning" is:

Pavlov taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a musical tone by repeatedly pairing the tone with food. In this example, the musical tone is the _____ before conditioning and the _____ after conditioning.

_____ was the theorist who discovered the basic process of classical conditioning.

_____ is the application of learning principles to help people learn more effective or adaptive behaviors.

According to Focus on Neuroscience, neurons that fire both when action is performed and when action is simply perceived are called:

F. Skinner: