Exam 5: Section 3: Learning

John Watson was a pioneer in the use of classical conditioning techniques in advertising.

The phenomenon called learned helplessness was discovered by two young graduate students, Steven Maier and Martin Seligman.

In his experiments with dogs, Pavlov found that after a classically conditioned response had been extinguished, the dog returned to its original unconditioned state and was unable to relearn the response.

A movement called gamification advocates turning daily life into a kind of virtual reality game, in which "points" or other conditioned reinforcers are awarded to reward healthy or productive behaviors.

Self-control involves choosing between long-term reinforcers and short-term reinforcers, both of which have relative values that can shift over time.

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner's famous study of Little Albert is considered to be a model experiment because it was a carefully controlled study with very precise and objective measures of the variables, including Albert's fear response.

John B. Watson was opposed to the application of classical conditioning principles in advertising because he believed that such manipulative marketing was unethical.

To motivate people to change, education-entertainment programs depict the benefits of the behaviors that are being modeled in the program.

Only humans are able to form cognitive maps.

Although John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) were able to classically condition an emotional reaction in an infant by using extreme measures, such conditioned emotional reactions rarely occur in daily life.

Whenever Margaret has personal problems, she confides in two co-workers who listen very attentively and offer her emotional support. The amount of time that Margaret spends discussing her personal problems with co-workers has steadily increased. Positive reinforcement is occurring in this example.

The self-control strategy of stimulus control is based upon classical conditioning principles.

The phenomenon of learned helplessness, discovered by Martin Seligman and Steven Maier, demonstrates that expectations can play a significant role in classical and operant conditioning.

The unconditioned response and the conditioned response are the same behavioral response, but they are elicited by different stimuli.

Two Skinner boxes are side by side. The rat in the first Skinner box gets a food pellet every time it presses the bar. The rat in the second Skinner box gets a food pellet every ten times it presses the bar. If the food-dispensing mechanism is shut off, the rat in the first Skinner box will quit pressing the bar sooner than the rat in the second Skinner box does.

According to B. F. Skinner, "A person does not act upon the world, the world acts upon him."

Behaviors conditioned using a continuous reinforcement schedule tend to be more resistant to extinction than behaviors conditioned using a partial reinforcement schedule.

If you own a dog that tends to salivate and get excited when you shake a box of dog biscuits, you may have noticed that your dog also drools when you shake a bag of cat food. If so, this would be an example of stimulus generalization.

Olivia decided to try a new recipe. For dinner that night, she served up the new "Chef's Surprise," which she spent most of the day preparing. After one taste, the rest of the family voted to go out for pizza. Because she has experienced negative reinforcement, Olivia no longer tries new recipes.

An employee wears jeans to work and is reprimanded by his supervisor for dressing inappropriately. From then on, the employee wears a formal suit to work. This is an example of negative punishment.