Exam 10: Section 3: Intelligence

Scenario I Over 100 years ago, French educational researches Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed the first intelligence tests to identify children in need of remedial education. Binet and Simon developed their test to measure what Binet termed natural intelligence, or a natural ability to learn dissociated from the effects of educational instruction. Using Binet and Simon's intelligence test, each child's score could be compared to age-norms to arrive at the child's mental age. Shortly after this pioneering work, Louis Terman developed the intelligence quotient (IQ). There are two ways to calculate an IQ score. A ratio IQ is calculated by dividing person's mental age by their physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100. A deviation IQ is calculated by dividing a person's test score by the average test score from their age group and multiplying this quotient by 100. -(Scenario I) An elementary school guidance counselor is tasked with identifying highly intelligent first-graders for the purpose of moving them up to a grade level matching their intellectual ability. The _____ would determine if a child is of above average intelligence, and the counselor should use the _____ as information to help decide which grade level matches the child's intellectual abilities.

Scenario I Over 100 years ago, French educational researches Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed the first intelligence tests to identify children in need of remedial education. Binet and Simon developed their test to measure what Binet termed natural intelligence, or a natural ability to learn dissociated from the effects of educational instruction. Using Binet and Simon's intelligence test, each child's score could be compared to age-norms to arrive at the child's mental age. Shortly after this pioneering work, Louis Terman developed the intelligence quotient (IQ). There are two ways to calculate an IQ score. A ratio IQ is calculated by dividing person's mental age by their physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100. A deviation IQ is calculated by dividing a person's test score by the average test score from their age group and multiplying this quotient by 100. -(Scenario I) An 8-year-old who performs similarly to an average 16-year-old would have a ratio IQ of 200. Similarly, a 30-year-old who performs similarly to an average 60-year-old would have ratio IQ of 200. At the other end of the intelligence spectrum, a 10-year-old with intellectual challenges and a mental age of 5 would have a ratio IQ score of 50. Based on these examples, ratio IQ scores tend to lose their validity as a measure of intelligence when used with:

Scenario II For centuries, people have made the observation that intelligence seems to run in families. In modern times, psychologists have confirmed that, indeed, there is a strong genetic component to intelligence. The degree of the association between genes and intelligence can be quantified using the heritability coefficient (h²). In a population of diverse individuals differing in age, gender, race, and socioeconomic factors, the heritability of intelligence is approximately .5. This means that about 50 percent of the variability in intelligence scores is associated with genetic factors. Interestingly, the heritability coefficient changes depending on the group under investigation. For example, among wealthy children the heritability coefficient exceeds .7, because the environments of these children are highly homogeneous. Among poor children, it drops to about .1. The heritability coefficient also tends to increase with the age of the population under investigation. For example, the heritability coefficient is approximately .3 in three-year-olds and approximately .9 in 65-year-olds. -(Scenario II) In the late 1800s, Sir Francis Galton analyzed data based on several thousand English families and confirmed the long-standing observation that intelligence runs in families. Nevertheless, this study alone does not constitute good evidence that genes are associated with intelligence primarily because:

Scenario I Over 100 years ago, French educational researches Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed the first intelligence tests to identify children in need of remedial education. Binet and Simon developed their test to measure what Binet termed natural intelligence, or a natural ability to learn dissociated from the effects of educational instruction. Using Binet and Simon's intelligence test, each child's score could be compared to age-norms to arrive at the child's mental age. Shortly after this pioneering work, Louis Terman developed the intelligence quotient (IQ). There are two ways to calculate an IQ score. A ratio IQ is calculated by dividing person's mental age by their physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100. A deviation IQ is calculated by dividing a person's test score by the average test score from their age group and multiplying this quotient by 100. -(Scenario I) Five-year-old Rhonda has a ratio IQ score of 120. What is Rhonda's mental age?

Scenario II For centuries, people have made the observation that intelligence seems to run in families. In modern times, psychologists have confirmed that, indeed, there is a strong genetic component to intelligence. The degree of the association between genes and intelligence can be quantified using the heritability coefficient (h²). In a population of diverse individuals differing in age, gender, race, and socioeconomic factors, the heritability of intelligence is approximately .5. This means that about 50 percent of the variability in intelligence scores is associated with genetic factors. Interestingly, the heritability coefficient changes depending on the group under investigation. For example, among wealthy children the heritability coefficient exceeds .7, because the environments of these children are highly homogeneous. Among poor children, it drops to about .1. The heritability coefficient also tends to increase with the age of the population under investigation. For example, the heritability coefficient is approximately .3 in three-year-olds and approximately .9 in 65-year-olds. -(Scenario II) The heritability coefficient of intelligence among poor children is approximately .10. In light of this fact, efforts to enrich home and school environments for this vulnerable population, such as free-lunch and universal pre-school programs, would:

Scenario II For centuries, people have made the observation that intelligence seems to run in families. In modern times, psychologists have confirmed that, indeed, there is a strong genetic component to intelligence. The degree of the association between genes and intelligence can be quantified using the heritability coefficient (h²). In a population of diverse individuals differing in age, gender, race, and socioeconomic factors, the heritability of intelligence is approximately .5. This means that about 50 percent of the variability in intelligence scores is associated with genetic factors. Interestingly, the heritability coefficient changes depending on the group under investigation. For example, among wealthy children the heritability coefficient exceeds .7, because the environments of these children are highly homogeneous. Among poor children, it drops to about .1. The heritability coefficient also tends to increase with the age of the population under investigation. For example, the heritability coefficient is approximately .3 in three-year-olds and approximately .9 in 65-year-olds. -(Scenario II) Suppose that the heritability coefficient of intelligence in a population is .3. Which is a correct inference?

Scenario I Over 100 years ago, French educational researches Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed the first intelligence tests to identify children in need of remedial education. Binet and Simon developed their test to measure what Binet termed natural intelligence, or a natural ability to learn dissociated from the effects of educational instruction. Using Binet and Simon's intelligence test, each child's score could be compared to age-norms to arrive at the child's mental age. Shortly after this pioneering work, Louis Terman developed the intelligence quotient (IQ). There are two ways to calculate an IQ score. A ratio IQ is calculated by dividing person's mental age by their physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100. A deviation IQ is calculated by dividing a person's test score by the average test score from their age group and multiplying this quotient by 100. -(Scenario I) Binet and Simon conceptualized natural intelligence in terms of learning:

Scenario II For centuries, people have made the observation that intelligence seems to run in families. In modern times, psychologists have confirmed that, indeed, there is a strong genetic component to intelligence. The degree of the association between genes and intelligence can be quantified using the heritability coefficient (h²). In a population of diverse individuals differing in age, gender, race, and socioeconomic factors, the heritability of intelligence is approximately .5. This means that about 50 percent of the variability in intelligence scores is associated with genetic factors. Interestingly, the heritability coefficient changes depending on the group under investigation. For example, among wealthy children the heritability coefficient exceeds .7, because the environments of these children are highly homogeneous. Among poor children, it drops to about .1. The heritability coefficient also tends to increase with the age of the population under investigation. For example, the heritability coefficient is approximately .3 in three-year-olds and approximately .9 in 65-year-olds. -(Scenario II) The heritability coefficient of intelligence in the at-large population is .5. A consequence of this fact is that:

Scenario I Over 100 years ago, French educational researches Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed the first intelligence tests to identify children in need of remedial education. Binet and Simon developed their test to measure what Binet termed natural intelligence, or a natural ability to learn dissociated from the effects of educational instruction. Using Binet and Simon's intelligence test, each child's score could be compared to age-norms to arrive at the child's mental age. Shortly after this pioneering work, Louis Terman developed the intelligence quotient (IQ). There are two ways to calculate an IQ score. A ratio IQ is calculated by dividing person's mental age by their physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100. A deviation IQ is calculated by dividing a person's test score by the average test score from their age group and multiplying this quotient by 100. -(Scenario I) Which is a correct inference about 6-year-old Jacob and 60-year-old Jorge, both persons with deviation IQ scores equal to 110?

Scenario II For centuries, people have made the observation that intelligence seems to run in families. In modern times, psychologists have confirmed that, indeed, there is a strong genetic component to intelligence. The degree of the association between genes and intelligence can be quantified using the heritability coefficient (h²). In a population of diverse individuals differing in age, gender, race, and socioeconomic factors, the heritability of intelligence is approximately .5. This means that about 50 percent of the variability in intelligence scores is associated with genetic factors. Interestingly, the heritability coefficient changes depending on the group under investigation. For example, among wealthy children the heritability coefficient exceeds .7, because the environments of these children are highly homogeneous. Among poor children, it drops to about .1. The heritability coefficient also tends to increase with the age of the population under investigation. For example, the heritability coefficient is approximately .3 in three-year-olds and approximately .9 in 65-year-olds. -(Scenario II) In which of these science-fiction scenarios would the heritability of intelligence be the lowest?

Scenario I Over 100 years ago, French educational researches Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed the first intelligence tests to identify children in need of remedial education. Binet and Simon developed their test to measure what Binet termed natural intelligence, or a natural ability to learn dissociated from the effects of educational instruction. Using Binet and Simon's intelligence test, each child's score could be compared to age-norms to arrive at the child's mental age. Shortly after this pioneering work, Louis Terman developed the intelligence quotient (IQ). There are two ways to calculate an IQ score. A ratio IQ is calculated by dividing person's mental age by their physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100. A deviation IQ is calculated by dividing a person's test score by the average test score from their age group and multiplying this quotient by 100. -(Scenario I) Using Binet and Simon's original intelligence test, Andrea's mental age would be calculated by:

Scenario II For centuries, people have made the observation that intelligence seems to run in families. In modern times, psychologists have confirmed that, indeed, there is a strong genetic component to intelligence. The degree of the association between genes and intelligence can be quantified using the heritability coefficient (h²). In a population of diverse individuals differing in age, gender, race, and socioeconomic factors, the heritability of intelligence is approximately .5. This means that about 50 percent of the variability in intelligence scores is associated with genetic factors. Interestingly, the heritability coefficient changes depending on the group under investigation. For example, among wealthy children the heritability coefficient exceeds .7, because the environments of these children are highly homogeneous. Among poor children, it drops to about .1. The heritability coefficient also tends to increase with the age of the population under investigation. For example, the heritability coefficient is approximately .3 in three-year-olds and approximately .9 in 65-year-olds. -(Scenario II) While all of these facts are true, the heritability coefficient of intelligence tends to increase with age MOSTLY because: