Exam 7: Section 6: Learning

Although it is not known if you have to buy 1, 10, or 100 scratch-off lottery tickets to get a winner, it is highly probable that if you just keep buying, eventually you will get a winner. In fact, maybe the very next ticket you buy will be a winner. Buying scratch-off lottery tickets is reinforced according to which type of schedule?

Jake can make his sister, Joy, give him her toys or candy by whistling. Because she hates the sound so much, Joy will give Jake whatever he wants to make him stop. Jake's whistling is maintained by _____, and Joy's giving is being maintained by _____.

When Jasminda first moved into her apartment, the buzzing noise coming from her refrigerator drove her nuts. Now, after three months, Jasminda doesn't notice the sound because of:

In eyeblink conditioning, a tone is sounded immediately before air is puffed into a participant's eye. After a number of tone-air puff pairings, what is the conditioned response?

Research has shown that students led to believe that a lecture will end in a quiz will:

Joe learns how to make a paper airplane by watching his older brother. He goes to his kindergarten where he makes a paper airplane, and Jenna learns to make one by watching Joe. Jenna goes home after school and plays with her friend Nora. Nora learns to make a paper airplane by watching Jenna. This process illustrates:

_____ the delay between a response and a consequence _____:

_____ activity is a critical underlying mechanism in conditioning responses similar to the one conditioned in Little Albert.

How could extinction be used to eliminate Little Albert's fear of a white rat?

A teacher originally wanted to increase class participation, so she positively reinforced question asking with nickels. After a few days, students had stacks of nickels on their desks, and the class was asking far too many questions. The teacher decided things were better off when the students didn't ask so many questions. To reduce question asking, the teacher has several options available to her. She could approach the students' desks and physically remove a nickel from their stacks whenever they ask a question, a process known as _____. Or, she could simply no longer give students nickels when they ask questions, a process termed _____.

Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as:

Positive reinforcement involves the _____ of a stimulus when a behavior occurs, and positive punishment involves the _____ of a stimulus when a behavior occurs.

Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate to a 1000-hz tone due to its pairing with food. After this training, it was found that the dogs would salivate to a 900-hz tone but not to a 500-hz tone. Salivating to the 900-hz tone is an example of _____, and not salivating to a 500-hz tone is an example of _____.

The idea of _____ suggests that conditioning has an evolutionary perspective, in that certain associations will be more easily learned if they help the organism's survival.

_____ suggested that rats in a maze don't simply produce behaviors in response to stimuli or consequences, but rather develop a _____ of the maze.

Angie's angry boss wears a particular type of cologne. One day, Angie was at the mall when she smelled the same cologne. The smell produced a momentary feeling of uneasiness. In this example, what is serving as the unconditioned stimulus?