Exam 1: Section 3: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Scenario II Scenario II is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study: MacDonald, S., Uesiliana, K., & Hayne, H. (2000). Cross-cultural and gender differences in childhood amnesia. Memory, 8(6), 365-376. doi:10.1080/09658210050156822 MacDonald and colleagues (2000) investigated cultural and gender influences on the age and quality of first childhood memories. Specifically, they interviewed males and females from three cultures-Asian, Pakeha, and Maori-and asked them to describe their earliest childhood memory in as much detail as possible. The researchers recorded the age of the earliest memory and also quantified the total amount of information given in the memory description. Figure 1.2A shows the number of participants reporting their first memory as a function of age not separated by gender or culture. Figure 1.2B shows the mean age of the first memory as a function of gender and culture, and Figure 1.2C shows the mean total information present in that memory as a function of gender and culture. Figure 1.2A (left), Figure 1.2B (middle), and 1.2C (right) -(Scenario II) Which finding is consistent with the results shown in Figures 1.2A-C and constitutes the BEST evidence that cultural variables influence first memories?

Scenario I Scenario I is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study: Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454-458. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x Tice and Baumeister (1997) studied the relationship between procrastination and symptoms of physical illness in college students during an academic semester. Participants completed a questionnaire measuring procrastination. From this, they were classified as either procrastinators or nonprocrastinators. All participants also were instructed to record the number of negative health symptoms that they experienced during the first (early) and last (late) month of the semester. Figure 1.1 shows the major results of the study. Figure 1.1 -(Scenario I) William James might have been MOST interested in which question about procrastination?

Scenario II Scenario II is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study: MacDonald, S., Uesiliana, K., & Hayne, H. (2000). Cross-cultural and gender differences in childhood amnesia. Memory, 8(6), 365-376. doi:10.1080/09658210050156822 MacDonald and colleagues (2000) investigated cultural and gender influences on the age and quality of first childhood memories. Specifically, they interviewed males and females from three cultures-Asian, Pakeha, and Maori-and asked them to describe their earliest childhood memory in as much detail as possible. The researchers recorded the age of the earliest memory and also quantified the total amount of information given in the memory description. Figure 1.2A shows the number of participants reporting their first memory as a function of age not separated by gender or culture. Figure 1.2B shows the mean age of the first memory as a function of gender and culture, and Figure 1.2C shows the mean total information present in that memory as a function of gender and culture. Figure 1.2A (left), Figure 1.2B (middle), and 1.2C (right) -(Scenario II) A cognitive neuroscientist argues that the age of first memory is determined largely by brain development. Which of these findings is consistent with the results in Figures 1.2A-C and would MOST support this claim?

Scenario II Scenario II is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study: MacDonald, S., Uesiliana, K., & Hayne, H. (2000). Cross-cultural and gender differences in childhood amnesia. Memory, 8(6), 365-376. doi:10.1080/09658210050156822 MacDonald and colleagues (2000) investigated cultural and gender influences on the age and quality of first childhood memories. Specifically, they interviewed males and females from three cultures-Asian, Pakeha, and Maori-and asked them to describe their earliest childhood memory in as much detail as possible. The researchers recorded the age of the earliest memory and also quantified the total amount of information given in the memory description. Figure 1.2A shows the number of participants reporting their first memory as a function of age not separated by gender or culture. Figure 1.2B shows the mean age of the first memory as a function of gender and culture, and Figure 1.2C shows the mean total information present in that memory as a function of gender and culture. Figure 1.2A (left), Figure 1.2B (middle), and 1.2C (right) -(Scenario II) Which type of psychologists would be LEAST likely to investigate why gender differences in age of first memory are observed only in Asian cultures?

Scenario II Scenario II is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study: MacDonald, S., Uesiliana, K., & Hayne, H. (2000). Cross-cultural and gender differences in childhood amnesia. Memory, 8(6), 365-376. doi:10.1080/09658210050156822 MacDonald and colleagues (2000) investigated cultural and gender influences on the age and quality of first childhood memories. Specifically, they interviewed males and females from three cultures-Asian, Pakeha, and Maori-and asked them to describe their earliest childhood memory in as much detail as possible. The researchers recorded the age of the earliest memory and also quantified the total amount of information given in the memory description. Figure 1.2A shows the number of participants reporting their first memory as a function of age not separated by gender or culture. Figure 1.2B shows the mean age of the first memory as a function of gender and culture, and Figure 1.2C shows the mean total information present in that memory as a function of gender and culture. Figure 1.2A (left), Figure 1.2B (middle), and 1.2C (right) -(Scenario II) A participant reports that his or her first memory is from the age of 6. In the absence of any other information, the BEST conclusion that can be reached is:

Scenario I Scenario I is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study: Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454-458. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x Tice and Baumeister (1997) studied the relationship between procrastination and symptoms of physical illness in college students during an academic semester. Participants completed a questionnaire measuring procrastination. From this, they were classified as either procrastinators or nonprocrastinators. All participants also were instructed to record the number of negative health symptoms that they experienced during the first (early) and last (late) month of the semester. Figure 1.1 shows the major results of the study. Figure 1.1 -(Scenario I) Which statement is true?

Scenario II Scenario II is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study: MacDonald, S., Uesiliana, K., & Hayne, H. (2000). Cross-cultural and gender differences in childhood amnesia. Memory, 8(6), 365-376. doi:10.1080/09658210050156822 MacDonald and colleagues (2000) investigated cultural and gender influences on the age and quality of first childhood memories. Specifically, they interviewed males and females from three cultures-Asian, Pakeha, and Maori-and asked them to describe their earliest childhood memory in as much detail as possible. The researchers recorded the age of the earliest memory and also quantified the total amount of information given in the memory description. Figure 1.2A shows the number of participants reporting their first memory as a function of age not separated by gender or culture. Figure 1.2B shows the mean age of the first memory as a function of gender and culture, and Figure 1.2C shows the mean total information present in that memory as a function of gender and culture. Figure 1.2A (left), Figure 1.2B (middle), and 1.2C (right) -(Scenario II) A psychologist is interested in whether cultural factors affect the composition of memories. She instructs participants to deconstruct each piece of information from their earliest memory into its visual and auditory elemental parts, such as perceptions of brightness and loudness. This research program is most consistent with that developed by:

Scenario I Scenario I is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study: Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454-458. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x Tice and Baumeister (1997) studied the relationship between procrastination and symptoms of physical illness in college students during an academic semester. Participants completed a questionnaire measuring procrastination. From this, they were classified as either procrastinators or nonprocrastinators. All participants also were instructed to record the number of negative health symptoms that they experienced during the first (early) and last (late) month of the semester. Figure 1.1 shows the major results of the study. Figure 1.1 -(Scenario I) A defender of procrastination argues that while it is true that procrastinators suffer in terms of physical illness later in the semester, because this period of suffering is limited to a very brief period of time, overall they suffer less than nonprocrastinators. How could the study described in Scenario I be altered to test this claim?

Scenario I Scenario I is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study: Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454-458. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x Tice and Baumeister (1997) studied the relationship between procrastination and symptoms of physical illness in college students during an academic semester. Participants completed a questionnaire measuring procrastination. From this, they were classified as either procrastinators or nonprocrastinators. All participants also were instructed to record the number of negative health symptoms that they experienced during the first (early) and last (late) month of the semester. Figure 1.1 shows the major results of the study. Figure 1.1 -(Scenario I) Which benefit of procrastination is supported by the results shown in Figure 1.1?

Scenario I Scenario I is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study: Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454-458. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x Tice and Baumeister (1997) studied the relationship between procrastination and symptoms of physical illness in college students during an academic semester. Participants completed a questionnaire measuring procrastination. From this, they were classified as either procrastinators or nonprocrastinators. All participants also were instructed to record the number of negative health symptoms that they experienced during the first (early) and last (late) month of the semester. Figure 1.1 shows the major results of the study. Figure 1.1 -(Scenario I) The claim that students tend to procrastinate because most of the time there are no negative consequences for doing so is consistent with the school of psychology developed by:

Scenario II Scenario II is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study: MacDonald, S., Uesiliana, K., & Hayne, H. (2000). Cross-cultural and gender differences in childhood amnesia. Memory, 8(6), 365-376. doi:10.1080/09658210050156822 MacDonald and colleagues (2000) investigated cultural and gender influences on the age and quality of first childhood memories. Specifically, they interviewed males and females from three cultures-Asian, Pakeha, and Maori-and asked them to describe their earliest childhood memory in as much detail as possible. The researchers recorded the age of the earliest memory and also quantified the total amount of information given in the memory description. Figure 1.2A shows the number of participants reporting their first memory as a function of age not separated by gender or culture. Figure 1.2B shows the mean age of the first memory as a function of gender and culture, and Figure 1.2C shows the mean total information present in that memory as a function of gender and culture. Figure 1.2A (left), Figure 1.2B (middle), and 1.2C (right) -(Scenario II) Someone who reads this study and concludes that females have more accurate childhood memories than males is:

Scenario I Scenario I is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study: Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454-458. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x Tice and Baumeister (1997) studied the relationship between procrastination and symptoms of physical illness in college students during an academic semester. Participants completed a questionnaire measuring procrastination. From this, they were classified as either procrastinators or nonprocrastinators. All participants also were instructed to record the number of negative health symptoms that they experienced during the first (early) and last (late) month of the semester. Figure 1.1 shows the major results of the study. Figure 1.1 -(Scenario I) Which type of psychologist would be LEAST likely to study the adverse effects of procrastination on overall health and academic performance?