Question 1

What type of communication signal is long-lasting and works well even at night?

Accepted Answer

A)  olfactory 
B)  visual 
C)  auditory 
D)  tactile 
A)  olfactory 
B)  visual 
C)  auditory 
D)  tactile

Question 2

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle all have

Accepted Answer

A)  A bands and I bands. 
B)  transverse tubules. 
C)  gap junctions. 
D)  motor units. 
E)  thick and thin filaments. 
A)  A bands and I bands. 
B)  transverse tubules. 
C)  gap junctions. 
D)  motor units. 
E)  thick and thin filaments.

Question 3

Which of the following would be the best experiment to conduct in order to determine if a rabbit is capable of using associative learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Provide some food for the rabbit in a specific location and then cover it up with leaves. Monitor the location to see if the rabbit returns to find the food at a later time. 
B)  Introduce the sound of a predator (e.g., coyote howl) to the rabbit's habitat at a specific time of the day. Monitor the rabbit's activity when the sound is and is not played throughout the day. 
C)  Provide the rabbit with some food in a hard to reach location. Monitor the rabbit's activity to see if it is able to reach the food using a novel approach. 
D)  Expose the rabbit to pheromones and see if they stimulate the rabbit's interest in mating even though a potential mate is not available. 
A)  Provide some food for the rabbit in a specific location and then cover it up with leaves. Monitor the location to see if the rabbit returns to find the food at a later time. 
B)  Introduce the sound of a predator (e.g., coyote howl) to the rabbit's habitat at a specific time of the day. Monitor the rabbit's activity when the sound is and is not played throughout the day. 
C)  Provide the rabbit with some food in a hard to reach location. Monitor the rabbit's activity to see if it is able to reach the food using a novel approach. 
D)  Expose the rabbit to pheromones and see if they stimulate the rabbit's interest in mating even though a potential mate is not available.

Question 4

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which

Accepted Answer

A)  motor neurons lose their myelination and the ability to rapidly fire action potentials. 
B)  acetylcholine receptors are recognized by antibodies and destroyed by an overactive immune system. 
C)  ATP production becomes uncoupled from mitochondrial electron transport. 
D)  the spinal cord is infected with a virus that attacks muscle stretch receptors. 
E)  troponin molecules become unable to bind calcium ions. 
A)  motor neurons lose their myelination and the ability to rapidly fire action potentials. 
B)  acetylcholine receptors are recognized by antibodies and destroyed by an overactive immune system. 
C)  ATP production becomes uncoupled from mitochondrial electron transport. 
D)  the spinal cord is infected with a virus that attacks muscle stretch receptors. 
E)  troponin molecules become unable to bind calcium ions.

Question 5

One way to understand how early environment influences differing behaviors in similar species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique. Suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive. How would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression?

Accepted Answer

A)  You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring to see if any grew up to be aggressive. 
B)  You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents, place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents, and let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then you would compare the outcomes. 
C)  You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents, raise them in the same environment, and then compare the outcomes. 
D)  You would see if curly-whiskered mud rats bred true for aggression. 
E)  You would replace normal newborn mud rats with deformed newborn mud rats to see if it triggered an altruistic response. 
A)  You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring to see if any grew up to be aggressive. 
B)  You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents, place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents, and let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then you would compare the outcomes. 
C)  You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents, raise them in the same environment, and then compare the outcomes. 
D)  You would see if curly-whiskered mud rats bred true for aggression. 
E)  You would replace normal newborn mud rats with deformed newborn mud rats to see if it triggered an altruistic response.

Question 6

Salmon are hatched in freshwater streams, and then they migrate to the ocean. When an adult salmon is ready to mate, it returns to the exact stream where it hatched. What term best applies to this behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  sign stimulus 
B)  spatial learning 
C)  imprinting 
D)  associative learning 
A)  sign stimulus 
B)  spatial learning 
C)  imprinting 
D)  associative learning

Question 7

Parental protective behavior in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping sound of young chicks. What term best applies to this behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  sign stimulus 
B)  migration 
C)  imprinting 
D)  associative learning 
A)  sign stimulus 
B)  migration 
C)  imprinting 
D)  associative learning

Question 8

The muscles of a recently deceased human can remain in a contracted state, termed rigor mortis, for several hours due to the lack of

Accepted Answer

A)  phosphorylated myosin. 
B)  ATP needed to break actin-myosin bonds. 
C)  calcium ions needed to bind to troponin. 
D)  oxygen supplies needed for myoglobin. 
E)  sodium ions needed to fire action potentials. 
A)  phosphorylated myosin. 
B)  ATP needed to break actin-myosin bonds. 
C)  calcium ions needed to bind to troponin. 
D)  oxygen supplies needed for myoglobin. 
E)  sodium ions needed to fire action potentials.

Question 9

Imagine that you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behavior is largely under genetic control. Of the following options, the best way to proceed is to

Accepted Answer

A)  observe genetically distinct populations in the field and see if they have different migratory habits. 
B)  perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Do this in the laboratory and see if offspring display parental migratory behavior. 
C)  bring animals into the laboratory and determine the conditions under which they become restless and attempt to migrate. 
D)  perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Rear the offspring in the absence of their parents and observe the migratory behavior of offspring. 
A)  observe genetically distinct populations in the field and see if they have different migratory habits. 
B)  perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Do this in the laboratory and see if offspring display parental migratory behavior. 
C)  bring animals into the laboratory and determine the conditions under which they become restless and attempt to migrate. 
D)  perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Rear the offspring in the absence of their parents and observe the migratory behavior of offspring.

Question 10

Animal behavior that includes searching for, capturing, and eating food is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  innate behavior. 
B)  foraging. 
C)  imprinting. 
D)  altruistic behavior. 
A)  innate behavior. 
B)  foraging. 
C)  imprinting. 
D)  altruistic behavior.

Question 11

Figure 39.1
-Which area in Figure 39.1 indicates the Z line?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  5 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  5

Question 12

The binding of calcium to the troponin complex

Accepted Answer

A)  disrupts cross-bridges, allowing filaments to slide past each other. 
B)  allows tropomyosin to bind actin. 
C)  opens ion channels, allowing sodium to rush into the muscle cells. 
D)  causes tropomyosin to shift position, exposing myosin bind sites on actin. 
A)  disrupts cross-bridges, allowing filaments to slide past each other. 
B)  allows tropomyosin to bind actin. 
C)  opens ion channels, allowing sodium to rush into the muscle cells. 
D)  causes tropomyosin to shift position, exposing myosin bind sites on actin.

Question 13

Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminals of

Accepted Answer

A)  T tubules. 
B)  motor neuron axons. 
C)  sensory neuron axons. 
D)  motor neuron dendrites. 
E)  sensory neuron dendrites. 
A)  T tubules. 
B)  motor neuron axons. 
C)  sensory neuron axons. 
D)  motor neuron dendrites. 
E)  sensory neuron dendrites.

Question 14

In a relaxed skeletal muscle, actin is not bound to

Accepted Answer

A)  myosin. 
B)  troponin. 
C)  tropomyosin. 
D)  Z lines. 
A)  myosin. 
B)  troponin. 
C)  tropomyosin. 
D)  Z lines.

Question 15

Sea otters use stones and rocks to break open abalone shells in order to eat the flesh inside. A young sea otter observes other sea otters break open shells and thus learns how to perform this task. What type of learning did the young sea otter use to be able to perform this task?

Accepted Answer

A)  associative learning 
B)  spatial learning 
C)  imprinting 
D)  social learning 
A)  associative learning 
B)  spatial learning 
C)  imprinting 
D)  social learning

Question 16

A chemical produced by an animal that serves as a communication to another animal of the same species is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  hormone. 
B)  visual signal. 
C)  pheromone. 
D)  tactile signal. 
A)  hormone. 
B)  visual signal. 
C)  pheromone. 
D)  tactile signal.

Question 17

Karl von Frisch demonstrated that European honeybees communicate the location of a distant food source by

Accepted Answer

A)  performing a round dance. 
B)  performing a waggle dance. 
C)  emanating minute amounts of stimulus pheromone. 
D)  varying wing vibration frequency. 
A)  performing a round dance. 
B)  performing a waggle dance. 
C)  emanating minute amounts of stimulus pheromone. 
D)  varying wing vibration frequency.

Question 18

What type of signal is brief and can work among obstructions at night?

Accepted Answer

A)  olfactory 
B)  visual 
C)  auditory 
D)  tactile 
A)  olfactory 
B)  visual 
C)  auditory 
D)  tactile

Question 19

What is the fitness benefit of polygamy in birds that rear young that are precocious (develop and mature rapidly)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Females will copulate with many males to ensure that all of their eggs are fertilized. 
B)  Females don't have to decide on one mate and can copulate with as many males as they deem worthy to share their genes with in reproduction. 
C)  Fit males don't have to help feed and rear young and can spend this time seeking out and mating with many females. 
D)  Females don't have to spend time rearing young and can mate and rear additional broods during a breeding season. 
E)  Both males and females spend little time with courtship and brood-rearing and don't tax their own physiology, so they can breed again in subsequent breeding seasons. 
A)  Females will copulate with many males to ensure that all of their eggs are fertilized. 
B)  Females don't have to decide on one mate and can copulate with as many males as they deem worthy to share their genes with in reproduction. 
C)  Fit males don't have to help feed and rear young and can spend this time seeking out and mating with many females. 
D)  Females don't have to spend time rearing young and can mate and rear additional broods during a breeding season. 
E)  Both males and females spend little time with courtship and brood-rearing and don't tax their own physiology, so they can breed again in subsequent breeding seasons.

Question 20

The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that

Accepted Answer

A)  aggression between sexes promotes the survival of the fittest individuals. 
B)  genes enhance the survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes. 
C)  companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other. 
D)  critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural selection. 
E)  natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants. 
A)  aggression between sexes promotes the survival of the fittest individuals. 
B)  genes enhance the survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes. 
C)  companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other. 
D)  critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural selection. 
E)  natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants.

Exam 39: Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

What type of communication signal is long-lasting and works well even at night?

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle all have

Which of the following would be the best experiment to conduct in order to determine if a rabbit is capable of using associative learning?

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which

Salmon are hatched in freshwater streams, and then they migrate to the ocean. When an adult salmon is ready to mate, it returns to the exact stream where it hatched. What term best applies to this behavior?

Parental protective behavior in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping sound of young chicks. What term best applies to this behavior?

The muscles of a recently deceased human can remain in a contracted state, termed rigor mortis, for several hours due to the lack of

Imagine that you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behavior is largely under genetic control. Of the following options, the best way to proceed is to

Animal behavior that includes searching for, capturing, and eating food is known as

Figure 39.1 -Which area in Figure 39.1 indicates the Z line?

The binding of calcium to the troponin complex

Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminals of

In a relaxed skeletal muscle, actin is not bound to

Sea otters use stones and rocks to break open abalone shells in order to eat the flesh inside. A young sea otter observes other sea otters break open shells and thus learns how to perform this task. What type of learning did the young sea otter use to be able to perform this task?

A chemical produced by an animal that serves as a communication to another animal of the same species is called a

Karl von Frisch demonstrated that European honeybees communicate the location of a distant food source by

What type of signal is brief and can work among obstructions at night?

What is the fitness benefit of polygamy in birds that rear young that are precocious (develop and mature rapidly)?

The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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