Question 1

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

Accepted Answer

A)  By its actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. 
B)  The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because their survivability has been enhanced by virtue of the altruist's risky behavior. 
C)  Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. 
D)  Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population. 
A)  By its actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. 
B)  The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because their survivability has been enhanced by virtue of the altruist's risky behavior. 
C)  Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. 
D)  Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population.

Question 2

A type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify through later experiences is called

Accepted Answer

A)  innate behavior. 
B)  imprinting. 
C)  spatial learning. 
D)  associative learning. 
A)  innate behavior. 
B)  imprinting. 
C)  spatial learning. 
D)  associative learning.

Question 3

During a field trip, an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings. The instructor asked why the moth lifted its wings. One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of certain muscles. A second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators. Which statement best describes these explanations?

Accepted Answer

A)  The first explanation is correct, but the second is incorrect. 
B)  The first explanation refers to proximate causation, whereas the second refers to ultimate causation. 
C)  The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis, whereas the second is not. 
D)  Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion. 
A)  The first explanation is correct, but the second is incorrect. 
B)  The first explanation refers to proximate causation, whereas the second refers to ultimate causation. 
C)  The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis, whereas the second is not. 
D)  Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion.

Question 4

According to Hamilton's rule,

Accepted Answer

A)  natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist. 
B)  natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist. 
C)  natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling. 
D)  the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals. 
A)  natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist. 
B)  natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist. 
C)  natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling. 
D)  the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals.

Question 5

Which of the following has a coefficient of relatedness of less than 0.5?

Accepted Answer

A)  a father to his daughter 
B)  a mother to her son 
C)  an uncle to his nephew 
D)  a brother to his brother 
E)  a sister to her brother 
A)  a father to his daughter 
B)  a mother to her son 
C)  an uncle to his nephew 
D)  a brother to his brother 
E)  a sister to her brother

Question 6

What force(s) must animals overcome in order to move?

Accepted Answer

A)  friction only 
B)  gravity only 
C)  inertia only 
D)  friction and gravity only 
E)  friction and inertia only 
A)  friction only 
B)  gravity only 
C)  inertia only 
D)  friction and gravity only 
E)  friction and inertia only

Question 7

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions

Accepted Answer

A)  break cross-bridges by acting as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP. 
B)  bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed. 
C)  transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber. 
D)  spread action potentials through the T tubules. 
A)  break cross-bridges by acting as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP. 
B)  bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed. 
C)  transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber. 
D)  spread action potentials through the T tubules.

Question 8

Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by

Accepted Answer

A)  periods of food availability. 
B)  reproductive readiness. 
C)  periods of daylight and darkness. 
D)  magnetic fields. 
E)  lunar cycles. 
A)  periods of food availability. 
B)  reproductive readiness. 
C)  periods of daylight and darkness. 
D)  magnetic fields. 
E)  lunar cycles.

Question 9

Curare, a substance that blocks the acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle, will cause

Accepted Answer

A)  rapid muscle twitches. 
B)  sustained muscle contraction (tetanus). 
C)  muscle relaxation. 
D)  no effect in the absence of acetylcholinesterase. 
A)  rapid muscle twitches. 
B)  sustained muscle contraction (tetanus). 
C)  muscle relaxation. 
D)  no effect in the absence of acetylcholinesterase.

Question 10

While on a field expedition in Ethiopia, you come across a group of baboons. After watching them for several days, you notice that one male baboon frequently mates with many different females. You also don't see any other males in the group. What type of mating system best describes these baboons?

Accepted Answer

A)  monogamy 
B)  polygyny 
C)  polyandry 
D)  intrasexual selection 
A)  monogamy 
B)  polygyny 
C)  polyandry 
D)  intrasexual selection

Question 11

Male elephant seals routinely fight (sometimes to the death) in order to mate with large groups of female elephant seals. What kind of mating behavior is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

A)  intersexual selection 
B)  intrasexual selection 
C)  polygandry 
D)  monogamy 
A)  intersexual selection 
B)  intrasexual selection 
C)  polygandry 
D)  monogamy

Question 12

A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the presence of the nipple of its mother's breast. What form of animal behavior is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  associative learning 
B)  innate behavior 
C)  imprinting 
D)  altruistic behavior 
E)  agonistic behavior 
A)  associative learning 
B)  innate behavior 
C)  imprinting 
D)  altruistic behavior 
E)  agonistic behavior

Question 13

The mating system in which females are more ornamented than males is

Accepted Answer

A)  monogamy. 
B)  promiscuity. 
C)  polygamy. 
D)  polygyny. 
E)  polyandry. 
A)  monogamy. 
B)  promiscuity. 
C)  polygamy. 
D)  polygyny. 
E)  polyandry.

Question 14

Displays of nocturnal mammals are usually

Accepted Answer

A)  visual and auditory. 
B)  tactile and visual. 
C)  olfactory and auditory. 
D)  visual and olfactory. 
E)  tactile and auditory. 
A)  visual and auditory. 
B)  tactile and visual. 
C)  olfactory and auditory. 
D)  visual and olfactory. 
E)  tactile and auditory.

Question 15

The "motor unit" in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  one actin binding site and its myosin partner. 
B)  one sarcomere and all of its actin and myosin filaments. 
C)  one myofibril and all of its sarcomeres. 
D)  one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses. 
E)  an entire muscle. 
A)  one actin binding site and its myosin partner. 
B)  one sarcomere and all of its actin and myosin filaments. 
C)  one myofibril and all of its sarcomeres. 
D)  one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses. 
E)  an entire muscle.

Question 16

A mother goat can recognize its own kid by smell. What form of animal behavior is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  associative learning 
B)  innate behavior 
C)  imprinting 
D)  altruistic behavior 
E)  agonistic behavior 
A)  associative learning 
B)  innate behavior 
C)  imprinting 
D)  altruistic behavior 
E)  agonistic behavior

Question 17

Ruminant animals such as cows regurgitate their food and chew it (the "cud") seemingly nonstop all day long. What type of muscle fibers would you expect to find in their masticatory muscles?

Accepted Answer

A)  oxidative fast-twitch 
B)  oxidative slow-twitch 
C)  glycolytic fast-twitch 
D)  smooth muscle 
A)  oxidative fast-twitch 
B)  oxidative slow-twitch 
C)  glycolytic fast-twitch 
D)  smooth muscle

Question 18

What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions?

Accepted Answer

A)  olfactory 
B)  visual 
C)  auditory 
D)  tactile 
A)  olfactory 
B)  visual 
C)  auditory 
D)  tactile

Question 19

Figure 39.1
-Myosin filaments without actin overlap are in which section of Figure 39.1?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  5 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  5

Question 20

Scientists have tried raising endangered whooping cranes in captivity by using sandhill cranes as foster parents. This strategy is no longer used because

Accepted Answer

A)  fostered whooping crane chicks did not develop the necessary cues for migration. 
B)  the fostered whooping cranes' critical period was variable such that different chicks imprinted on different "mothers." 
C)  sandhill crane parents rejected their fostered whooping crane chicks soon after incubation. 
D)  none of the fostered whooping cranes formed a mating pair-bond with another whooping crane. 
E)  sandhill crane parents did not properly incubate whooping crane eggs. 
A)  fostered whooping crane chicks did not develop the necessary cues for migration. 
B)  the fostered whooping cranes' critical period was variable such that different chicks imprinted on different "mothers." 
C)  sandhill crane parents rejected their fostered whooping crane chicks soon after incubation. 
D)  none of the fostered whooping cranes formed a mating pair-bond with another whooping crane. 
E)  sandhill crane parents did not properly incubate whooping crane eggs.

Exam 39: Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

A type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify through later experiences is called

According to Hamilton's rule,

Which of the following has a coefficient of relatedness of less than 0.5?

What force(s) must animals overcome in order to move?

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions

Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by

Curare, a substance that blocks the acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle, will cause

While on a field expedition in Ethiopia, you come across a group of baboons. After watching them for several days, you notice that one male baboon frequently mates with many different females. You also don't see any other males in the group. What type of mating system best describes these baboons?

Male elephant seals routinely fight (sometimes to the death) in order to mate with large groups of female elephant seals. What kind of mating behavior is this an example of?

A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the presence of the nipple of its mother's breast. What form of animal behavior is this?

The mating system in which females are more ornamented than males is

Displays of nocturnal mammals are usually

The "motor unit" in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to

A mother goat can recognize its own kid by smell. What form of animal behavior is this?

Ruminant animals such as cows regurgitate their food and chew it (the "cud") seemingly nonstop all day long. What type of muscle fibers would you expect to find in their masticatory muscles?

What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions?

Figure 39.1 -Myosin filaments without actin overlap are in which section of Figure 39.1?

Scientists have tried raising endangered whooping cranes in captivity by using sandhill cranes as foster parents. This strategy is no longer used because

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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