Question 1

In mammals, the nuclei resulting from the union of the sperm and the egg are first truly diploid at the end of the

Accepted Answer

A)  acrosomal reaction. 
B)  completion of spermatogenesis. 
C)  initial cleavage. 
D)  activation of the egg. 
E)  completion of gastrulation. 
A)  acrosomal reaction. 
B)  completion of spermatogenesis. 
C)  initial cleavage. 
D)  activation of the egg. 
E)  completion of gastrulation.

Question 2

Evidence that parthenogenetic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing ancestors includes

Accepted Answer

A)  the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate. 
B)  the development and then regression of testes prior to sexual maturation. 
C)  the observation that all of the offspring are haploid. 
D)  dependence on favorable weather conditions for ovulation to occur. 
E)  a complete cycle of fragmentation and regeneration of female gonadal structures. 
A)  the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate. 
B)  the development and then regression of testes prior to sexual maturation. 
C)  the observation that all of the offspring are haploid. 
D)  dependence on favorable weather conditions for ovulation to occur. 
E)  a complete cycle of fragmentation and regeneration of female gonadal structures.

Question 3

At the end of a nonpregnant ovarian cycle, the breakdown and discharge of the soft uterine tissues are called

Accepted Answer

A)  menstruation. 
B)  lactation. 
C)  fertilization. 
D)  menopause. 
E)  ovulation. 
A)  menstruation. 
B)  lactation. 
C)  fertilization. 
D)  menopause. 
E)  ovulation.

Question 4

In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that

Accepted Answer

A)  oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis begins during embryonic development. 
B)  oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon. 
C)  cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis. 
D)  oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth. 
E)  spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but oogenesis is completed by the time a girl is born. 
A)  oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis begins during embryonic development. 
B)  oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon. 
C)  cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis. 
D)  oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth. 
E)  spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but oogenesis is completed by the time a girl is born.

Question 5

Fusion of egg and sperm membranes triggers ________, which then blocks polyspermy.

Accepted Answer

A)  mitosis 
B)  membrane depolarization 
C)  cleavage 
D)  cortical reaction 
E)  acrosomal reaction 
A)  mitosis 
B)  membrane depolarization 
C)  cleavage 
D)  cortical reaction 
E)  acrosomal reaction

Question 6

What embryo-produced hormone maintains progesterone and estrogen secretion by the corpus luteum through the first trimester of pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

A)  luteinizing hormone (LH) 
B)  follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 
C)  progesterone 
D)  human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 
E)  gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 
A)  luteinizing hormone (LH) 
B)  follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 
C)  progesterone 
D)  human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 
E)  gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 7

During the early part of the cleavage stage in many animal species, the rapidly developing cells skip

Accepted Answer

A)  the mitosis phase of the cell cycle. 
B)  the S phase of the cell cycle. 
C)  the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle. 
D)  the cytokinesis phase of the cell cycle. 
A)  the mitosis phase of the cell cycle. 
B)  the S phase of the cell cycle. 
C)  the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle. 
D)  the cytokinesis phase of the cell cycle.

Question 8

Testosterone is synthesized primarily by the

Accepted Answer

A)  sperm cells. 
B)  hypothalamus. 
C)  Leydig cells. 
D)  anterior pituitary gland. 
E)  seminiferous tubules. 
A)  sperm cells. 
B)  hypothalamus. 
C)  Leydig cells. 
D)  anterior pituitary gland. 
E)  seminiferous tubules.

Question 9

Horseshoe crabs, genetically related to scorpions and spiders, are capable of only one type of fertilization. Female horseshoe crabs dig a shallow hole near the ocean shoreline that can fill with water. They then lay their eggs in that hole, and male horseshoe crabs mount the females and deposit their sperm over the eggs. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  external fertilization without copulation. 
B)  external fertilization with copulation. 
C)  internal fertilization without copulation. 
D)  internal fertilization with copulation. 
A)  external fertilization without copulation. 
B)  external fertilization with copulation. 
C)  internal fertilization without copulation. 
D)  internal fertilization with copulation.

Question 10

Low levels of ________ may indicate that a woman's ovaries are beginning to fail.

Accepted Answer

A)  estradiol 
B)  progesterone 
C)  follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 
D)  luteinizing hormone (LH) 
A)  estradiol 
B)  progesterone 
C)  follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 
D)  luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 11

An open space within the gastrula is the

Accepted Answer

A)  ectoderm. 
B)  mesoderm. 
C)  archenteron. 
D)  endoderm. 
E)  blastocoel wall. 
A)  ectoderm. 
B)  mesoderm. 
C)  archenteron. 
D)  endoderm. 
E)  blastocoel wall.

Question 12

Which statement about human reproduction is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fertilization occurs in the oviduct. 
B)  Spermatogenesis and oogenesis require different temperatures. 
C)  An oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it. 
D)  The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. 
A)  Fertilization occurs in the oviduct. 
B)  Spermatogenesis and oogenesis require different temperatures. 
C)  An oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it. 
D)  The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

Question 13

For the 10 days following ovulation in a nonpregnant menstrual cycle, the main source of progesterone is the

Accepted Answer

A)  adrenal cortex. 
B)  anterior pituitary. 
C)  corpus luteum. 
D)  developing follicle. 
E)  placenta. 
A)  adrenal cortex. 
B)  anterior pituitary. 
C)  corpus luteum. 
D)  developing follicle. 
E)  placenta.

Question 14

For lactation to take place, the synthesis of breast milk and its release from the mammary gland, respectively, are caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  testosterone and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). 
B)  estrogen and progesterone. 
C)  cortisol and testosterone. 
D)  prolactin and oxytocin. 
E)  luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). 
A)  testosterone and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). 
B)  estrogen and progesterone. 
C)  cortisol and testosterone. 
D)  prolactin and oxytocin. 
E)  luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Question 15

The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is

Accepted Answer

A)  endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm. 
B)  mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm. 
C)  ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm. 
D)  ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm. 
E)  endoderm → mesoderm → ectoderm. 
A)  endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm. 
B)  mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm. 
C)  ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm. 
D)  ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm. 
E)  endoderm → mesoderm → ectoderm.

Question 16

The cortical reaction functions directly in the

Accepted Answer

A)  formation of a fertilization envelope. 
B)  production of a fast block to polyspermy. 
C)  release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm cell. 
D)  generation of a nerve-like impulse by the egg cell. 
E)  fusion of egg and sperm nuclei. 
A)  formation of a fertilization envelope. 
B)  production of a fast block to polyspermy. 
C)  release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm cell. 
D)  generation of a nerve-like impulse by the egg cell. 
E)  fusion of egg and sperm nuclei.

Question 17

Uterine fibroid tumors are benign tumors that grow in the wall of the uterus. These tumors may alter the shape of the uterine cavity, thereby potentially affecting

Accepted Answer

A)  the formation of the blastula. 
B)  the S and M cycles of cleavage. 
C)  proper implantation of the fertilized egg. 
D)  frequency of polyspermy. 
A)  the formation of the blastula. 
B)  the S and M cycles of cleavage. 
C)  proper implantation of the fertilized egg. 
D)  frequency of polyspermy.

Question 18

A well-used method to determine if a tarantula (a spider) is male or female is to look at the skin that the tarantula sheds. If the molt (shed skin) shows evidence of small organs that are used to store sperm, one can determine that the specimen is a female. This particular organ is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  an ovary. 
B)  an oviduct. 
C)  a blastocoel. 
D)  a blastospore. 
E)  a spermatheca. 
A)  an ovary. 
B)  an oviduct. 
C)  a blastocoel. 
D)  a blastospore. 
E)  a spermatheca.

Question 19

Among nonmammalian vertebrates, the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions as a

Accepted Answer

A)  specialized sperm-transfer device produced only by males. 
B)  shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. 
C)  region bordered by the labia minora and clitoris in females. 
D)  source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes. 
E)  gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening. 
A)  specialized sperm-transfer device produced only by males. 
B)  shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. 
C)  region bordered by the labia minora and clitoris in females. 
D)  source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes. 
E)  gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening.

Question 20

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are

Accepted Answer

A)  menstrual → ovulation → luteal. 
B)  follicular → luteal → secretory. 
C)  menstrual → proliferative → secretory. 
D)  follicular → ovulation → luteal. 
E)  proliferative → luteal → ovulation. 
A)  menstrual → ovulation → luteal. 
B)  follicular → luteal → secretory. 
C)  menstrual → proliferative → secretory. 
D)  follicular → ovulation → luteal. 
E)  proliferative → luteal → ovulation.

Exam 36: Reproduction and Development

In mammals, the nuclei resulting from the union of the sperm and the egg are first truly diploid at the end of the

Evidence that parthenogenetic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing ancestors includes

At the end of a nonpregnant ovarian cycle, the breakdown and discharge of the soft uterine tissues are called

In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that

Fusion of egg and sperm membranes triggers ________, which then blocks polyspermy.

What embryo-produced hormone maintains progesterone and estrogen secretion by the corpus luteum through the first trimester of pregnancy?

During the early part of the cleavage stage in many animal species, the rapidly developing cells skip

Testosterone is synthesized primarily by the

Low levels of ________ may indicate that a woman's ovaries are beginning to fail.

An open space within the gastrula is the

Which statement about human reproduction is false?

For the 10 days following ovulation in a nonpregnant menstrual cycle, the main source of progesterone is the

For lactation to take place, the synthesis of breast milk and its release from the mammary gland, respectively, are caused by

The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is

The cortical reaction functions directly in the

Uterine fibroid tumors are benign tumors that grow in the wall of the uterus. These tumors may alter the shape of the uterine cavity, thereby potentially affecting

A well-used method to determine if a tarantula (a spider) is male or female is to look at the skin that the tarantula sheds. If the molt (shed skin) shows evidence of small organs that are used to store sperm, one can determine that the specimen is a female. This particular organ is an example of

Among nonmammalian vertebrates, the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions as a

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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