Question 1

Eukaryotes, archaeons, and bacteria can all successfully oxidize H2S or NH4 to form SO4 or N2, respectively.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Respiration is strictly an aerobic process.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Chemoautotrophy is unique to prokaryotes because eukaryotes cannot use inorganic compounds as a chemical energy source.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

A researcher discovers a new single-celled bacterium very similar to Thiomargarita namibiensis. At first she is confused because this organism is quite large compared with other bacteria. She also knows that because of diffusion, most bacterial cells don't exceed 1F1F1F1S1F1F1F10m in size. What might the researcher notice about the internal structure of her new bacterium?

Accepted Answer

A) It contains several membrane-bound organelles, facilitating the diffusion of molecules. 
B) It contains several large histones, facilitating the diffusion of molecules. 
C) It is completely filled by cytoplasm, limiting the distance molecules need to diffuse. 
D) It contains a large vacuole, limiting the distance molecules need to diffuse. 
A) It contains several membrane-bound organelles, facilitating the diffusion of molecules. 
B) It contains several large histones, facilitating the diffusion of molecules. 
C) It is completely filled by cytoplasm, limiting the distance molecules need to diffuse. 
D) It contains a large vacuole, limiting the distance molecules need to diffuse.

Question 5

The last common ancestor of fungi, mammals, and archaeons likely had which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

A) both a plasma membrane and a circular chromosome 
B) both a circular chromosome and membrane-bound organelles 
C) both free-floating genetic material (DN
A) and a distinct nucleus 
D) both membrane-bound organelles and a circular chromosome 
E) both a distinct nucleus and a plasma membrane 
A) both a plasma membrane and a circular chromosome 
B) both a circular chromosome and membrane-bound organelles 
C) both free-floating genetic material (DN
A) and a distinct nucleus 
D) both membrane-bound organelles and a circular chromosome 
E) both a distinct nucleus and a plasma membrane

Question 6

Bacterial genetic diversity can arise from:

Accepted Answer

A) sexual reproduction. 
B) transduction and conjugation. 
C) meiotic recombination. 
D) meiotic recombination and conjugation. 
E) horizontal gene transfer and sexual reproduction. 
A) sexual reproduction. 
B) transduction and conjugation. 
C) meiotic recombination. 
D) meiotic recombination and conjugation. 
E) horizontal gene transfer and sexual reproduction.

Question 7

If biologists could quantify all the bacterial and human cells within the human body, they would find that there are far more human cells.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

H2S is absorbed from the environment by bacteria, algae, and plants; however, this molecule is quickly reduced by organisms to form SO4-.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Horizontal gene transfer is NOT thought to play a major role in the exchange of which of the following genes between bacterial species?

Accepted Answer

A) genes encoding rRNAs 
B) genes conveying antibiotic resistance 
C) genes involved in nitrogen fixation 
D) genes involved in bacterial photosynthesis 
A) genes encoding rRNAs 
B) genes conveying antibiotic resistance 
C) genes involved in nitrogen fixation 
D) genes involved in bacterial photosynthesis

Question 10

Methane-producing archaeons in the rumens of cows and bioluminescent bacteria within the bodies of squid are both examples of _____, where organisms have "evolved together."

Accepted Answer

The answer of Methane-producing archaeons in the rumens of cows...

Question 11

In what part of the ocean is denitrification likely to be MOST important?

Accepted Answer

A) shallow waters rich in oxygen 
B) subsurface water masses that contain little or no oxygen 
C) surface waters of the open ocean 
D) deep within marine sediments 
A) shallow waters rich in oxygen 
B) subsurface water masses that contain little or no oxygen 
C) surface waters of the open ocean 
D) deep within marine sediments

Question 12

_____ effectively limits how large a bacterium can grow. The bigger the bacterial cell, the less likely it is that nutrients can reach the cell's interior.

Accepted Answer

A) Conjugation 
B) Differentiation 
C) Transduction 
D) Diffusion 
A) Conjugation 
B) Differentiation 
C) Transduction 
D) Diffusion

Question 13

Imagine you are talking to your friend who is very excited because he has just transduced his first batch of bacteria in the laboratory. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

A) He introduced a gene of interest into his bacteria using viruses. 
B) He introduced a gene of interest into his bacteria using other bacterial species that can form pili. 
C) He introduced a gene of interest into his bacteria by lysing other bacterial cells and exposing his bacteria to this mixture. 
D) He produced a strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by exposing his bacterial cultures to antibiotics. 
E) Through periodic selection, he was able to isolate a gene of interest in his bacteria. 
A) He introduced a gene of interest into his bacteria using viruses. 
B) He introduced a gene of interest into his bacteria using other bacterial species that can form pili. 
C) He introduced a gene of interest into his bacteria by lysing other bacterial cells and exposing his bacteria to this mixture. 
D) He produced a strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by exposing his bacterial cultures to antibiotics. 
E) Through periodic selection, he was able to isolate a gene of interest in his bacteria.

Question 14

Phototrophs use light as the energy source for biosynthesis, whereas chemotrophs oxidize either organic or inorganic compounds to obtain energy for biosynthesis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

A scientist is trying to bring about severe climate change. He decides that he will carry out this plan by introducing large amounts of methane into the atmosphere. Which methane-producing archaeons should he introduce into the environment?

Accepted Answer

A) crenarchaeote archaeons 
B) korarchaeote archaeons 
C) thaumarchaeote archaeons 
D) euryarchaeote archaeons 
E) nanoarchaeote archaeons 
A) crenarchaeote archaeons 
B) korarchaeote archaeons 
C) thaumarchaeote archaeons 
D) euryarchaeote archaeons 
E) nanoarchaeote archaeons

Question 16

What role(s) do archaeons play in the rumens of cows?

Accepted Answer

A) Archaeons produce methane, which contributes to the acidic environment of a cow's rumen. 
B) Archaeons out-compete bacteria in the rumen, effectively preventing infections. 
C) Arachaeons help to digest plant material in the rumens of cows. 
D) Archaons produce methane, contributing to the acidic environment, and help digest plant material. 
A) Archaeons produce methane, which contributes to the acidic environment of a cow's rumen. 
B) Archaeons out-compete bacteria in the rumen, effectively preventing infections. 
C) Arachaeons help to digest plant material in the rumens of cows. 
D) Archaons produce methane, contributing to the acidic environment, and help digest plant material.

Question 17

All bacteria are unicellular.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Anammox is represented by which of the following equations?

Accepted Answer

A) NH4+ + 2H2O F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 NO2 + 4H2 
B) N2 + 2H2O F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 NH4+ + NO2- 
C) NH4+ + NO2- F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 N2 + 2H2O 
D) NO2- + 4H2F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 NH4- + 2H2O 
E) 2H2O + 2NO3- F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 2NH2- + 4O2 
A) NH4+ + 2H2O F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 NO2 + 4H2 
B) N2 + 2H2O F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 NH4+ + NO2- 
C) NH4+ + NO2- F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 N2 + 2H2O 
D) NO2- + 4H2F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 NH4- + 2H2O 
E) 2H2O + 2NO3- F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 2NH2- + 4O2

Question 19

The carbon isotope composition of ancient limestone provides evidence that the Earth's carbon cycle appeared 500 million years ago.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Photosynthetic bacteria are all found on one branch of the bacterial phylogenetic tree.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 26: Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotes, archaeons, and bacteria can all successfully oxidize H2S or NH4 to form SO4 or N2, respectively.

Respiration is strictly an aerobic process.

Chemoautotrophy is unique to prokaryotes because eukaryotes cannot use inorganic compounds as a chemical energy source.

The last common ancestor of fungi, mammals, and archaeons likely had which of the following characteristics?

Bacterial genetic diversity can arise from:

If biologists could quantify all the bacterial and human cells within the human body, they would find that there are far more human cells.

H2S is absorbed from the environment by bacteria, algae, and plants; however, this molecule is quickly reduced by organisms to form SO4-.

Horizontal gene transfer is NOT thought to play a major role in the exchange of which of the following genes between bacterial species?

Methane-producing archaeons in the rumens of cows and bioluminescent bacteria within the bodies of squid are both examples of _____, where organisms have "evolved together."

In what part of the ocean is denitrification likely to be MOST important?

_____ effectively limits how large a bacterium can grow. The bigger the bacterial cell, the less likely it is that nutrients can reach the cell's interior.

Imagine you are talking to your friend who is very excited because he has just transduced his first batch of bacteria in the laboratory. What does this mean?

Phototrophs use light as the energy source for biosynthesis, whereas chemotrophs oxidize either organic or inorganic compounds to obtain energy for biosynthesis.

A scientist is trying to bring about severe climate change. He decides that he will carry out this plan by introducing large amounts of methane into the atmosphere. Which methane-producing archaeons should he introduce into the environment?

What role(s) do archaeons play in the rumens of cows?

All bacteria are unicellular.

Anammox is represented by which of the following equations?

The carbon isotope composition of ancient limestone provides evidence that the Earth's carbon cycle appeared 500 million years ago.

Photosynthetic bacteria are all found on one branch of the bacterial phylogenetic tree.

Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations

The Molecules of Life

Nucleic Acids and Transcription

Translation and Protein Structure

Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy From Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules

Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates

Cell Signaling

Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix

Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer

Dna Replication and Manipulation

Genomes

Mutation and Dna Repair

Genetic Variation

Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles

The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation

Genes and Development

Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time

Species and Speciation

Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils

Human Origins and Evolution

Cycling Carbon

Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity

Being Multicellular

Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis Onto Land

Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green

Plant Diversity

Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function

Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons

Animal Endocrine Systems

Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion

Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste

Animal Reproduction and Development

Animal Immune Systems

Animal Diversity

Animal Behavior

Population Ecology

Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems

Biomes and Global Ecology

The Anthropocene: Humans As a Planetary Force

Filters

Eukaryotes, archaeons, and bacteria can all successfully oxidize H₂S or NH₄ to form SO₄ or N₂, respectively.

H₂S is absorbed from the environment by bacteria, algae, and plants; however, this molecule is quickly reduced by organisms to form SO₄^-.