Question 1

The zona pellucida represents a formidable barrier to sperm and can be penetrated only after the process called:

Accepted Answer

A) Egg activation. 
B) Acrosome reaction. 
C) Sperm-egg fusion. 
D) Block to polyspermy. 
E) Modification of zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2 (ZP2). 
A) Egg activation. 
B) Acrosome reaction. 
C) Sperm-egg fusion. 
D) Block to polyspermy. 
E) Modification of zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2 (ZP2). B

Question 2

A young couple has had regular,unprotected sexual intercourse for 4 years,without a pregnancy.They are seeking help at an assisted reproduction/in vitro fertilization clinic for infertility.The husband is very serious about weight training and physical fitness.Semen analysis reveals a sperm count of 10 million/mL (i.e.,very low).His blood analysis reveals an elevated testosterone level.The psychiatrist at the clinic suspects that the husband injects (i.e.,abuses)testosterone,which turns out to be true.Another effect of the injected T could be:

Accepted Answer

A) Erectile dysfunction. 
B) Polycythemia (increased numbers of erythrocytes). 
C) Gynecomastia (inappropriate breast development). 
D) Prostatic atrophy. 
E) Lower levels of adrenal androgens. 
A) Erectile dysfunction. 
B) Polycythemia (increased numbers of erythrocytes). 
C) Gynecomastia (inappropriate breast development). 
D) Prostatic atrophy. 
E) Lower levels of adrenal androgens. B

Question 3

A young couple has had regular,unprotected sexual intercourse for 4 years,without a pregnancy.They are seeking help at an assisted reproduction/in vitro fertilization (IVF)clinic for infertility.The husband's sperm count and sperm structure are normal.The wife undergoes a round of IVF.She must inject herself with FSH,which produces large antral follicles visible on ultrasonography.She is then given an LH injection,and her eggs are collected in a long needle by transvaginal approach 16 hours later.The FSH injections have the following effect on the ovary:

Accepted Answer

A) Increase LH receptor expression in the theca 
B) Increase androstenedione production 
C) Stimulate oocyte maturation 
D) Increase CYP19 (aromatase)expression in the granulosa cells 
E) Induce luteinization 
A) Increase LH receptor expression in the theca 
B) Increase androstenedione production 
C) Stimulate oocyte maturation 
D) Increase CYP19 (aromatase)expression in the granulosa cells 
E) Induce luteinization D

Question 4

The Sertoli cell expresses:

Accepted Answer

A) The FSH receptor and the inhibin receptor. 
B) The FSH receptor and the androgen receptor. 
C) The LH receptor and the androgen receptor. 
D) The LH receptor. 
E) The FSH receptor. 
A) The FSH receptor and the inhibin receptor. 
B) The FSH receptor and the androgen receptor. 
C) The LH receptor and the androgen receptor. 
D) The LH receptor. 
E) The FSH receptor.

Question 5

Normal placental progesterone synthesis can occur in pregnancies in which the fetal steroidogenic organs (adrenal cortex,testis,ovary)cannot efficiently make progesterone.This is because placental progesterone synthesis is not dependent on:

Accepted Answer

A) The LDL receptor. 
B) 3$\beta$-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. 
C) CYP11A1 (side-chain cleavage). 
D) Steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR)protein. 
E) Cholesterol ester hydrolase. 
A) The LDL receptor. 
B) 3$\beta$-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. 
C) CYP11A1 (side-chain cleavage). 
D) Steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR)protein. 
E) Cholesterol ester hydrolase.

Question 6

In the male hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis,negative feedback on LH secretion is limited to:

Accepted Answer

A) Testosterone and estradiol. 
B) Testosterone and DHT. 
C) DHT and estradiol. 
D) Testosterone,DHT,and inhibin. 
E) Testosterone. 
A) Testosterone and estradiol. 
B) Testosterone and DHT. 
C) DHT and estradiol. 
D) Testosterone,DHT,and inhibin. 
E) Testosterone.

Question 7

Spermiogenesis results in the metamorphosis of which cell type?

Accepted Answer

A) Secondary spermatocyte 
B) Spermatogonia 
C) Primary spermatocyte 
D) Spermatozoan 
E) Spermatid 
A) Secondary spermatocyte 
B) Spermatogonia 
C) Primary spermatocyte 
D) Spermatozoan 
E) Spermatid

Question 8

The primordial follicles collectively make up:

Accepted Answer

A) The ovarian stroma. 
B) The total number of oogonia. 
C) The total number of preantral follicles. 
D) The ovarian reserve. 
E) The ovulatory quotient. 
A) The ovarian stroma. 
B) The total number of oogonia. 
C) The total number of preantral follicles. 
D) The ovarian reserve. 
E) The ovulatory quotient.

Question 9

A young couple has had regular,unprotected sexual intercourse for 4 years,without a pregnancy.They are seeking help at an assisted reproduction/in vitro fertilization clinic for infertility.The husband is very serious about weight training and physical fitness.Semen analysis reveals a sperm count of 7 million/mL (i.e.,very low).His blood analysis reveals an elevated testosterone level.The psychiatrist at the clinic suspects that the husband injects (i.e.,abuses)testosterone,which turns out to be true.Further blood work will reveal which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased level of estrogen and decreased levels of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 
B) Increased levels of DHT,estrogen,and FSH 
C) Increased levels of DHT,LH,and FSH 
D) Increased level of estrogen and decreased levels of LH and DHT 
E) Decreased levels of DHT,FSH,and LH 
A) Increased level of estrogen and decreased levels of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 
B) Increased levels of DHT,estrogen,and FSH 
C) Increased levels of DHT,LH,and FSH 
D) Increased level of estrogen and decreased levels of LH and DHT 
E) Decreased levels of DHT,FSH,and LH

Question 10

In addition to their role in reproduction,androgens have effects on nonreproductive organs.In the liver,androgens stimulate:

Accepted Answer

A) Gluconeogenesis. 
B) Production of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). 
C) Glycolysis. 
D) Ketone production. 
E) Glycogenolysis. 
A) Gluconeogenesis. 
B) Production of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). 
C) Glycolysis. 
D) Ketone production. 
E) Glycogenolysis.

Question 11

A young couple has had regular,unprotected sexual intercourse for 4 years,without a pregnancy.They are seeking help at an assisted reproduction/IVF clinic for infertility.The husband's sperm count and sperm structure are normal.The wife undergoes a round of IVF.She must inject herself with FSH,which produces large antral follicles visible on ultrasonography.She is then given an LH injection,and her eggs are collected in a long needle by transvaginal approach 16 hours later.After egg retrieval,the eggs are examined.Unfortunately,the team decides not to go forward with fertilization.A reason for this decision could be the following observation in all of the eggs:

Accepted Answer

A) Expansion of the cumulus cells 
B) Persistence of a zona pellucida 
C) Presence of a germinal vesicle (nucleus) 
D) Presence of the first polar body 
E) Presence of a metaphase plate 
A) Expansion of the cumulus cells 
B) Persistence of a zona pellucida 
C) Presence of a germinal vesicle (nucleus) 
D) Presence of the first polar body 
E) Presence of a metaphase plate

Question 12

A young couple has had regular,unprotected sexual intercourse for 4 years,without a pregnancy.They are seeking help at an assisted reproduction/IVF clinic for infertility.The husband's sperm count and sperm structure are normal.The wife undergoes a round of IVF.She must inject herself with FSH,which produces large antral follicles visible on ultrasonography.She is then given an LH injection,and her eggs are collected in a long needle by transvaginal approach 16 hours later.One of the main effects of LH is the induction of ovulation.During IVF,the eggs are retrieved before ovulation.The LH is given in order to:

Accepted Answer

A) Increase the size and number of the antral follicles. 
B) Induce luteinization of the cumulus cells. 
C) Induce oocyte meiotic maturation. 
D) Promote breakdown of the tunica albuginea. 
E) Increase androstenedione synthesis. 
A) Increase the size and number of the antral follicles. 
B) Induce luteinization of the cumulus cells. 
C) Induce oocyte meiotic maturation. 
D) Promote breakdown of the tunica albuginea. 
E) Increase androstenedione synthesis.

Question 13

During the late follicular phase,estradiol-17$\beta$ has the following effect on the uterine endometrium:

Accepted Answer

A) Stimulates secretion from endometrial glands 
B) Causes contraction of spiral arteries and ischemia 
C) Induces expression of the progesterone receptor 
D) Stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells,with no effect on stromal cells 
E) Induces a phase of "receptivity" 
A) Stimulates secretion from endometrial glands 
B) Causes contraction of spiral arteries and ischemia 
C) Induces expression of the progesterone receptor 
D) Stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells,with no effect on stromal cells 
E) Induces a phase of "receptivity"

Question 14

Ejaculation is controlled by a reflex arc that involves several nerves and neurotransmitters.The final neurotransmitter in this arc that directly stimulates the contraction of the muscularis of the male reproductive tract is:

Accepted Answer

A) Acetylcholine. 
B) Nitric oxide. 
C) Oxytocin. 
D) Norepinephrine. 
E) Somatostatin. 
A) Acetylcholine. 
B) Nitric oxide. 
C) Oxytocin. 
D) Norepinephrine. 
E) Somatostatin.

Question 15

A young couple has had regular,unprotected sexual intercourse for 4 years,without a pregnancy.They are seeking help at an assisted reproduction/in vitro fertilization clinic for infertility.The husband is very serious about weight training and physical fitness.Semen analysis reveals a sperm count of 7 million/mL (i.e.,very low).His blood analysis reveals an elevated testosterone level.The psychiatrist at the clinic suspects that the husband injects (i.e.,abuses)testosterone,which turns out to be true.The husband has read online that testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis,and so he is confused as to why he has a low sperm count.How is this explained?

Accepted Answer

A) Injected testosterone must first be converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)in the testes. 
B) High levels of injected testosterone are toxic to sperm. 
C) Injected testosterone increases levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG),thereby reducing the level of "free" testosterone. 
D) Injected testosterone inhibits intratesticular production of testosterone through negative feedback on luteinizing hormone (LH). 
E) Injected testosterone increases levels of circulating estrogen,which inhibits spermatogenesis. 
A) Injected testosterone must first be converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)in the testes. 
B) High levels of injected testosterone are toxic to sperm. 
C) Injected testosterone increases levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG),thereby reducing the level of "free" testosterone. 
D) Injected testosterone inhibits intratesticular production of testosterone through negative feedback on luteinizing hormone (LH). 
E) Injected testosterone increases levels of circulating estrogen,which inhibits spermatogenesis.

Question 16

During the early follicular phase,the granulosa cells of a recruitable antral follicle respond primarily to which hormone?

Accepted Answer

A) FSH 
B) LH 
C) Estradiol 
D) Progesterone 
E) Inhibin 
A) FSH 
B) LH 
C) Estradiol 
D) Progesterone 
E) Inhibin

Question 17

Estrogen has which of the following cardiovascular effects in women?

Accepted Answer

A) Increases levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 
B) Increases the number of adrenergic receptors in the heart 
C) Stimulates red blood cell production 
D) Increases nitric oxide production in blood vessels 
E) Increases peripheral vascular resistance 
A) Increases levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 
B) Increases the number of adrenergic receptors in the heart 
C) Stimulates red blood cell production 
D) Increases nitric oxide production in blood vessels 
E) Increases peripheral vascular resistance

Question 18

A disorder of sexual development (e.g.,having an XY genotype and a female phenotype)is caused by loss of type 3 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD).In affected individuals,which of the following hormone levels would be expected?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A disorder of sexual development (e.g.,having an...

Question 19

"Lactational amenorrhea" is a physiological phenomenon that parallels a common cause of infertility caused by elevated levels of:

Accepted Answer

A) Prolactin. 
B) Oxytocin. 
C) Progesterone. 
D) Inhibin. 
E) Dopamine. 
A) Prolactin. 
B) Oxytocin. 
C) Progesterone. 
D) Inhibin. 
E) Dopamine.

Question 20

In the prostate,testosterone is converted primarily to DHT through the activity of:

Accepted Answer

A) Type 3 17β-dehydrogenase. 
B) CYP 19 (aromatase). 
C) 5α-Reductase. 
D) 1α-Hydroxylase. 
E) 11β-Dehydrogenase. 
A) Type 3 17β-dehydrogenase. 
B) CYP 19 (aromatase). 
C) 5α-Reductase. 
D) 1α-Hydroxylase. 
E) 11β-Dehydrogenase.

Exam 44: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

The zona pellucida represents a formidable barrier to sperm and can be penetrated only after the process called:

The Sertoli cell expresses:

Normal placental progesterone synthesis can occur in pregnancies in which the fetal steroidogenic organs (adrenal cortex,testis,ovary)cannot efficiently make progesterone.This is because placental progesterone synthesis is not dependent on:

In the male hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis,negative feedback on LH secretion is limited to:

Spermiogenesis results in the metamorphosis of which cell type?

The primordial follicles collectively make up:

In addition to their role in reproduction,androgens have effects on nonreproductive organs.In the liver,androgens stimulate:

During the late follicular phase,estradiol-17 β\betaβ has the following effect on the uterine endometrium:

Ejaculation is controlled by a reflex arc that involves several nerves and neurotransmitters.The final neurotransmitter in this arc that directly stimulates the contraction of the muscularis of the male reproductive tract is:

During the early follicular phase,the granulosa cells of a recruitable antral follicle respond primarily to which hormone?

Estrogen has which of the following cardiovascular effects in women?

A disorder of sexual development (e.g.,having an XY genotype and a female phenotype)is caused by loss of type 3 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD).In affected individuals,which of the following hormone levels would be expected?

"Lactational amenorrhea" is a physiological phenomenon that parallels a common cause of infertility caused by elevated levels of:

In the prostate,testosterone is converted primarily to DHT through the activity of:

Principles of Cell Function

Homeostasis of Body Fluids

Signal Transduction, membrane Receptors, second Messengers, and Regulation of Gene Expression

The Nervous System: Introduction to Cells and Systems

Generation and Conduction of Action Potentials

Synaptic Transmission

The Somatosensory System

The Special Senses

Organization of Motor Function

Higher Functions of the Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System and Its Central Control

Skeletal Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Overview of Circulation

Elements of Cardiac Function

Properties of the Vasculature

Regulation of the Heart and Vasculature

Integrated Control of the Cardiovascular System

Structure and Function of the Respiratory System

Static Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics

Dynamic Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics

Ventilation

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

Control of Respiration

Non-Physiologic Functions of the Lung: Host Defense and Metabolism

Functional Anatomy and General Principles of Regulation in the Gastrointestinal Tract

The Cephalic, oral, and Esophageal Phases of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Gastric Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Small Intestinal Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Colonic Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

Transport and Metabolic Functions of the Liver

Elements of Renal Function

Solute and Water Transport Along the Nephron: Tubular Function

Control of Body Fluid Osmolality and Volume

Potassium, calcium, and Phosphate Homeostasis

Role of the Kidneys in the Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Introduction to the Endocrine System

Hormonal Regulation of Energy Metabolism

Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism

The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The Adrenal Glands

Filters

During the late follicular phase,estradiol-17 $\beta$ has the following effect on the uterine endometrium: