Question 1

Rods differ from cones in that:

Accepted Answer

A) Rods function better in photopic conditions. 
B) Rods are not found in the fovea. 
C) There are three types of rods,each with different spectral sensitivity. 
D) Rods hyperpolarize in response to light. 
E) Rods,because of their synaptic connections,are capable of high spatial resolution. 
A) Rods function better in photopic conditions. 
B) Rods are not found in the fovea. 
C) There are three types of rods,each with different spectral sensitivity. 
D) Rods hyperpolarize in response to light. 
E) Rods,because of their synaptic connections,are capable of high spatial resolution. B

Question 2

Conduction deafness results from:

Accepted Answer

A) Loss of hair cells. 
B) A tumor in the cochlear nucleus. 
C) Demyelination of primary auditory afferent nerves. 
D) Ossification in the middle ear. 
E) Loss of the pathway from the medial geniculate to the auditory cortex. 
A) Loss of hair cells. 
B) A tumor in the cochlear nucleus. 
C) Demyelination of primary auditory afferent nerves. 
D) Ossification in the middle ear. 
E) Loss of the pathway from the medial geniculate to the auditory cortex. D

Question 3

A retinal off-center bipolar cell:

Accepted Answer

A) Depolarizes in response to a light in the center of its receptive field. 
B) Has metabotropic glutamate receptors that close Na+ channels. 
C) Depolarizes in response to a light in the periphery of its receptive field. 
D) Is hyperpolarized by horizontal cell input. 
E) Connects to ganglion cells but not horizontal cells. 
A) Depolarizes in response to a light in the center of its receptive field. 
B) Has metabotropic glutamate receptors that close Na+ channels. 
C) Depolarizes in response to a light in the periphery of its receptive field. 
D) Is hyperpolarized by horizontal cell input. 
E) Connects to ganglion cells but not horizontal cells. C

Question 4

In a comparison of the chemoreceptors of the olfactory and gustatory systems,which of the following statements is not true?

Accepted Answer

A) Only the olfactory receptor cells are neurons with axons. 
B) Only the taste receptor cells have ionotropic receptor mechanisms. 
C) Only the olfactory receptor cells connect directly to the cerebrum. 
D) Only the taste receptor cells are clustered in buds. 
E) Only the olfactory receptor cells are continuously regenerated throughout life. 
A) Only the olfactory receptor cells are neurons with axons. 
B) Only the taste receptor cells have ionotropic receptor mechanisms. 
C) Only the olfactory receptor cells connect directly to the cerebrum. 
D) Only the taste receptor cells are clustered in buds. 
E) Only the olfactory receptor cells are continuously regenerated throughout life.

Question 5

The different absorbance spectra expressed by the three types of cone photoreceptors found in the human eye result from differences in:

Accepted Answer

A) The number of disc membranes found in the cone outer segments. 
B) The stereoisomers of vitamin A found in the cone outer segments. 
C) The type of opsins found in the cone outer segments. 
D) The number of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-gated channels found in the cone inner segments. 
E) The types of bipolar cells with which they synapse. 
A) The number of disc membranes found in the cone outer segments. 
B) The stereoisomers of vitamin A found in the cone outer segments. 
C) The type of opsins found in the cone outer segments. 
D) The number of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-gated channels found in the cone inner segments. 
E) The types of bipolar cells with which they synapse.

Question 6

Which characteristic of a vestibular hair cell is not a characteristic of an auditory hair cell?

Accepted Answer

A) Synaptic vesicles 
B) Energy transduction 
C) Directional sensitivity of the stereocilia 
D) Axon 
E) Kinocilium 
A) Synaptic vesicles 
B) Energy transduction 
C) Directional sensitivity of the stereocilia 
D) Axon 
E) Kinocilium

Question 7

Detection of the frequency of a sound above 5 kHz is based on:

Accepted Answer

A) The number of fibers discharging in cranial nerve VIII. 
B) The phase difference between the sound waves at the two ears. 
C) The direction of deflection of the hair cell cilia. 
D) The location along the cochlea of the most intensely stimulated hair cells. 
E) The frequency of action potentials in cranial nerve VIII. 
A) The number of fibers discharging in cranial nerve VIII. 
B) The phase difference between the sound waves at the two ears. 
C) The direction of deflection of the hair cell cilia. 
D) The location along the cochlea of the most intensely stimulated hair cells. 
E) The frequency of action potentials in cranial nerve VIII.

Question 8

The most effective stimulus for excitation of the right horizontal semicircular canal hair cells is:

Accepted Answer

A) Constant-velocity rotation to the right. 
B) Constant-velocity rotation to the left. 
C) Rotatory acceleration of the head to the right. 
D) Rotatory acceleration of the head to the left. 
E) The same stimulus as that for the left horizontal canal hair cells. 
A) Constant-velocity rotation to the right. 
B) Constant-velocity rotation to the left. 
C) Rotatory acceleration of the head to the right. 
D) Rotatory acceleration of the head to the left. 
E) The same stimulus as that for the left horizontal canal hair cells.

Question 9

P ganglion cells differ from M ganglion cells in that P cells:

Accepted Answer

A) Have center-surround receptive fields. 
B) Respond to movement within their receptive fields. 
C) Have large dendritic trees. 
D) Have large receptive fields. 
E) Have color-opponent receptive fields. 
A) Have center-surround receptive fields. 
B) Respond to movement within their receptive fields. 
C) Have large dendritic trees. 
D) Have large receptive fields. 
E) Have color-opponent receptive fields.

Question 10

A lesion in the left inferotemporal cortex would probably lead to a reduction in:

Accepted Answer

A) Face recognition in the right visual field. 
B) Motion discrimination in the right visual field. 
C) Color discrimination in the left visual field. 
D) Motion discrimination in the left visual field. 
E) Face discrimination in the left visual field. 
A) Face recognition in the right visual field. 
B) Motion discrimination in the right visual field. 
C) Color discrimination in the left visual field. 
D) Motion discrimination in the left visual field. 
E) Face discrimination in the left visual field.

Exam 8: The Special Senses

Rods differ from cones in that:

Conduction deafness results from:

A retinal off-center bipolar cell:

In a comparison of the chemoreceptors of the olfactory and gustatory systems,which of the following statements is not true?

The different absorbance spectra expressed by the three types of cone photoreceptors found in the human eye result from differences in:

Which characteristic of a vestibular hair cell is not a characteristic of an auditory hair cell?

Detection of the frequency of a sound above 5 kHz is based on:

The most effective stimulus for excitation of the right horizontal semicircular canal hair cells is:

P ganglion cells differ from M ganglion cells in that P cells:

A lesion in the left inferotemporal cortex would probably lead to a reduction in:

Principles of Cell Function

Homeostasis of Body Fluids

Signal Transduction, membrane Receptors, second Messengers, and Regulation of Gene Expression

The Nervous System: Introduction to Cells and Systems

Generation and Conduction of Action Potentials

Synaptic Transmission

The Somatosensory System

Organization of Motor Function

Higher Functions of the Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System and Its Central Control

Skeletal Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Overview of Circulation

Elements of Cardiac Function

Properties of the Vasculature

Regulation of the Heart and Vasculature

Integrated Control of the Cardiovascular System

Structure and Function of the Respiratory System

Static Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics

Dynamic Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics

Ventilation

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

Control of Respiration

Non-Physiologic Functions of the Lung: Host Defense and Metabolism

Functional Anatomy and General Principles of Regulation in the Gastrointestinal Tract

The Cephalic, oral, and Esophageal Phases of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Gastric Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Small Intestinal Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Colonic Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

Transport and Metabolic Functions of the Liver

Elements of Renal Function

Solute and Water Transport Along the Nephron: Tubular Function

Control of Body Fluid Osmolality and Volume

Potassium, calcium, and Phosphate Homeostasis

Role of the Kidneys in the Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Introduction to the Endocrine System

Hormonal Regulation of Energy Metabolism

Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism

The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The Adrenal Glands

The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

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