Question 1

The major target of growth hormone,which determines the circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1),is:

Accepted Answer

A) The pituitary gland 
B) Muscles. 
C) The liver. 
D) The kidneys. 
E) Adipose tissue. 
A) The pituitary gland 
B) Muscles. 
C) The liver. 
D) The kidneys. 
E) Adipose tissue. C

Question 2

The cell type that expresses prohormone convertases capable of cleaving proopiomelanocortin (POMC)into an active tropic hormone is:

Accepted Answer

A) The thyrotrope. 
B) The lactotrope. 
C) The corticotrope. 
D) The gonadotrope. 
E) The somatotrope. 
A) The thyrotrope. 
B) The lactotrope. 
C) The corticotrope. 
D) The gonadotrope. 
E) The somatotrope. C

Question 3

The preprohormone preprovasophysin is synthesized in:

Accepted Answer

A) The pars nervosa. 
B) The median eminence. 
C) The hypothalamic nuclei. 
D) The pars distalis. 
E) The infundibular stalk. 
A) The pars nervosa. 
B) The median eminence. 
C) The hypothalamic nuclei. 
D) The pars distalis. 
E) The infundibular stalk. C

Question 4

A 17-year-old girl has not had her first menstrual period (menarche)and has no signs of puberty-associated growth spurt,breast development,or pubic hair growth.Her pediatrician suspects hypogonadism/delayed puberty of some form.If this patient had a form of primary hypogonadism,she would probably exhibit increased:

Accepted Answer

A) Estrogen levels. 
B) FSH levels. 
C) Androgen levels. 
D) TSH levels. 
E) Growth hormone (GH)levels. 
A) Estrogen levels. 
B) FSH levels. 
C) Androgen levels. 
D) TSH levels. 
E) Growth hormone (GH)levels.

Question 5

The one pituitary tropic hormone that is under predominantly inhibitory control by the hypothalamus is:

Accepted Answer

A) GH. 
B) TSH. 
C) Somatostatin. 
D) Prolactin. 
E) ACTH. 
A) GH. 
B) TSH. 
C) Somatostatin. 
D) Prolactin. 
E) ACTH.

Question 6

Elevated levels of ACTH can cause skin darkening,as a result of the ability of ACTH to:

Accepted Answer

A) Bind to the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). 
B) Stimulate cortisol production. 
C) Bind to the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)receptor 
D) Stimulate adrenal androgen production. 
E) Stimulate $\alpha$-melanocyte-stimulating hormone ($\alpha$-MSH)production 
A) Bind to the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). 
B) Stimulate cortisol production. 
C) Bind to the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)receptor 
D) Stimulate adrenal androgen production. 
E) Stimulate $\alpha$-melanocyte-stimulating hormone ($\alpha$-MSH)production

Question 7

Hypothalamic releasing hormones are secreted from neuroendocrine neurons at:

Accepted Answer

A) The median eminence. 
B) The pars distalis. 
C) The paraventricular nucleus. 
D) The pars nervosa. 
E) The infundibular stalk. 
A) The median eminence. 
B) The pars distalis. 
C) The paraventricular nucleus. 
D) The pars nervosa. 
E) The infundibular stalk.

Question 8

A 17-year-old girl has not had her first menstrual period (menarche)and has no signs of puberty-associated growth spurt,breast development,or pubic hair growth.Her pediatrician suspects hypogonadism/delayed puberty of some form.One form of hypogonadism is associated with loss of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)neurons in the hypothalamus (Kallmann's syndrome).This form of tertiary hypogonadism results in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased levels of prolactin 
B) Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 
C) Increased levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
D) Increased levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) 
E) Decreased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 
A) Increased levels of prolactin 
B) Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 
C) Increased levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
D) Increased levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) 
E) Decreased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 9

Pituitary glycoprotein hormones are heterodimers containing a common $\alpha$ subunit and a hormone-specific $\beta$ subunit.The glycoprotein hormones from the pituitary gland include:

Accepted Answer

A) TSH,GH,and LH. 
B) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),TSH,and FSH. 
C) Prolactin,GH,and ACTH. 
D) FSH,LH,and TSH. 
E) FSH,LH,and prolactin. 
A) TSH,GH,and LH. 
B) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),TSH,and FSH. 
C) Prolactin,GH,and ACTH. 
D) FSH,LH,and TSH. 
E) FSH,LH,and prolactin.

Question 10

An example of a "short-loop" feedback loop is:

Accepted Answer

A) GH inhibition of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) 
B) Cortisol inhibition of ACTH. 
C) FSH inhibition of LH. 
D) Estrogen inhibition of GnRH. 
E) Somatostatin inhibition of GH. 
A) GH inhibition of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) 
B) Cortisol inhibition of ACTH. 
C) FSH inhibition of LH. 
D) Estrogen inhibition of GnRH. 
E) Somatostatin inhibition of GH.

Exam 41: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

The major target of growth hormone,which determines the circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1),is:

The cell type that expresses prohormone convertases capable of cleaving proopiomelanocortin (POMC)into an active tropic hormone is:

The preprohormone preprovasophysin is synthesized in:

The one pituitary tropic hormone that is under predominantly inhibitory control by the hypothalamus is:

Elevated levels of ACTH can cause skin darkening,as a result of the ability of ACTH to:

Hypothalamic releasing hormones are secreted from neuroendocrine neurons at:

Pituitary glycoprotein hormones are heterodimers containing a common α\alphaα subunit and a hormone-specific β\betaβ subunit.The glycoprotein hormones from the pituitary gland include:

An example of a "short-loop" feedback loop is:

Principles of Cell Function

Homeostasis of Body Fluids

Signal Transduction, membrane Receptors, second Messengers, and Regulation of Gene Expression

The Nervous System: Introduction to Cells and Systems

Generation and Conduction of Action Potentials

Synaptic Transmission

The Somatosensory System

The Special Senses

Organization of Motor Function

Higher Functions of the Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System and Its Central Control

Skeletal Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Overview of Circulation

Elements of Cardiac Function

Properties of the Vasculature

Regulation of the Heart and Vasculature

Integrated Control of the Cardiovascular System

Structure and Function of the Respiratory System

Static Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics

Dynamic Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics

Ventilation

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

Control of Respiration

Non-Physiologic Functions of the Lung: Host Defense and Metabolism

Functional Anatomy and General Principles of Regulation in the Gastrointestinal Tract

The Cephalic, oral, and Esophageal Phases of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Gastric Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Small Intestinal Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Colonic Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

Transport and Metabolic Functions of the Liver

Elements of Renal Function

Solute and Water Transport Along the Nephron: Tubular Function

Control of Body Fluid Osmolality and Volume

Potassium, calcium, and Phosphate Homeostasis

Role of the Kidneys in the Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Introduction to the Endocrine System

Hormonal Regulation of Energy Metabolism

Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism

The Thyroid Gland

The Adrenal Glands

The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Filters

Pituitary glycoprotein hormones are heterodimers containing a common $\alpha$ subunit and a hormone-specific $\beta$ subunit.The glycoprotein hormones from the pituitary gland include: