Question 1

The first action of secreted insulin is:

Accepted Answer

A) Activation of lipoprotein lipase. 
B) Inhibition of glucagon secretion. 
C) Stimulation of hepatic glycolysis. 
D) Mobilization of GLUT-4 into myocellular membranes. 
E) Inhibition of appetite. 
A) Activation of lipoprotein lipase. 
B) Inhibition of glucagon secretion. 
C) Stimulation of hepatic glycolysis. 
D) Mobilization of GLUT-4 into myocellular membranes. 
E) Inhibition of appetite. B

Question 2

Levels of circulating FFAs (associated primarily with albumin)are often elevated in the prediabetic and diabetic states.This is due to:

Accepted Answer

A) Elevated levels of hormone-sensitive lipase. 
B) Elevated levels of lipoprotein lipase. 
C) Elevated levels of hepatic lipase. 
D) Elevated rate of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)formation. 
E) Reduced expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)receptor. 
A) Elevated levels of hormone-sensitive lipase. 
B) Elevated levels of lipoprotein lipase. 
C) Elevated levels of hepatic lipase. 
D) Elevated rate of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)formation. 
E) Reduced expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)receptor. A

Question 3

The most important stimulus of insulin release is:

Accepted Answer

A) Glucose. 
B) Glucagon. 
C) Adrenergic stimulation. 
D) Cholinergic stimulation. 
E) Amino acids. 
A) Glucose. 
B) Glucagon. 
C) Adrenergic stimulation. 
D) Cholinergic stimulation. 
E) Amino acids. A

Question 4

Glucagon has an important counterregulatory role that prevents hypoglycemia.Which glucagon-stimulated enzyme increases hepatic glucose production and thus blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

A) Hormone-sensitive lipase 
B) Lipoprotein lipase 
C) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 
D) Glycogen synthase 
E) Fatty acyl oxidase 
A) Hormone-sensitive lipase 
B) Lipoprotein lipase 
C) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 
D) Glycogen synthase 
E) Fatty acyl oxidase

Question 5

A key metabolite that controls the movement of fatty acyl CoA into the mitochondria (where they are oxidized)is:

Accepted Answer

A) Acetyl CoA. 
B) Malonyl CoA. 
C) Palmitate. 
D) Citrate. 
E) ATP 
A) Acetyl CoA. 
B) Malonyl CoA. 
C) Palmitate. 
D) Citrate. 
E) ATP

Question 6

The hormone released by adipose tissue that decreases appetite is called:

Accepted Answer

A) Type α melanocyte–stimulating hormone (α-MSH). 
B) Adiponectin. 
C) Neuropeptide Y. 
D) Leptin. 
E) Insulin. 
A) Type α melanocyte–stimulating hormone (α-MSH). 
B) Adiponectin. 
C) Neuropeptide Y. 
D) Leptin. 
E) Insulin.

Question 7

During his annual physical examination,a 55-year-old man is noted to have a body mass index of 33 (>30 indicates obesity)and high blood pressure.His blood chemistry profile indicates hyperlipidemia,hypertriglyceridemia,and hypercholesterolemia.Furthermore,his fasting blood glucose level is 120 mg/dL (elevated).His physician suspects type 2 diabetes and orders a glucose tolerance test.The patient drinks 75 g of glucose and then has his blood glucose measured 2 hours later.The 2-hour glucose level is 190 mg/dL (high end of glucose intolerance range; for the diagnosis of diabetes,the level is 200 mg/dL or higher).The most likely reason for this patient's glucose intolerance is:

Accepted Answer

A) Autoimmune destruction of the β cells. 
B) Impairment of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channel. 
C) Insulin resistance. 
D) Low leptin levels. 
E) Impairment of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2)function. 
A) Autoimmune destruction of the β cells. 
B) Impairment of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channel. 
C) Insulin resistance. 
D) Low leptin levels. 
E) Impairment of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2)function.

Question 8

A major source of stored energy for skeletal muscle during exercise is:

Accepted Answer

A) Lactate. 
B) Triglyceride. 
C) Glycogen. 
D) Ketone bodies. 
E) Fatty acids. 
A) Lactate. 
B) Triglyceride. 
C) Glycogen. 
D) Ketone bodies. 
E) Fatty acids.

Question 9

Juvenile-onset type 1 diabetes is often suspected by parents because of which change in the child's appearance or behavior?

Accepted Answer

A) Sudden increase in muscle mass 
B) Darkening of the skin 
C) Increased thirst and frequency of urination 
D) Puffiness around the face 
E) Early (precocious)pubertal growth spurt 
A) Sudden increase in muscle mass 
B) Darkening of the skin 
C) Increased thirst and frequency of urination 
D) Puffiness around the face 
E) Early (precocious)pubertal growth spurt

Question 10

During fasting,blood glucose level is maintained through several sources.The first source of stored energy to be mobilized for blood glucose is:

Accepted Answer

A) Adipose triglyceride. 
B) Hepatic ketone bodies. 
C) Skeletal muscle glycogen. 
D) Skeletal muscle protein. 
E) Hepatic glycogen. 
A) Adipose triglyceride. 
B) Hepatic ketone bodies. 
C) Skeletal muscle glycogen. 
D) Skeletal muscle protein. 
E) Hepatic glycogen.

Question 11

High circulating lipid levels are typical of the prediabetic and diabetic states.When the liver is saturated with glucose from the blood,it converts the glucose into free fatty acids (FFAs)and triglycerides.One of the enzymes involved in hepatic lipogenesis is:

Accepted Answer

A) Glucose-6-phosphatase. 
B) Phosphorylase. 
C) Pyruvate carboxylase. 
D) Fatty acyl oxidase. 
E) Acetyl coenzyme A (Co
A) carboxylase. 
A) Glucose-6-phosphatase. 
B) Phosphorylase. 
C) Pyruvate carboxylase. 
D) Fatty acyl oxidase. 
E) Acetyl coenzyme A (Co
A) carboxylase.

Question 12

The insulin receptor belongs to which family of receptors?

Accepted Answer

A) Tyrosine kinase receptors 
B) Steroid receptors 
C) Cytokine receptors 
D) G protein-coupled receptors 
E) LDL receptors 
A) Tyrosine kinase receptors 
B) Steroid receptors 
C) Cytokine receptors 
D) G protein-coupled receptors 
E) LDL receptors

Question 13

A primary target of insulin in skeletal muscle is:

Accepted Answer

A) Glucokinase. 
B) Acetyl CoA carboxylase. 
C) Uncoupling proteins. 
D) Fatty acid synthase. 
E) Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4). 
A) Glucokinase. 
B) Acetyl CoA carboxylase. 
C) Uncoupling proteins. 
D) Fatty acid synthase. 
E) Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4).

Question 14

Insulin stimulates triglyceride storage in adipose tissue.Which of the following enzymes plays an important role in this?

Accepted Answer

A) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). 
B) Glucokinase. 
C) Hormone-sensitive lipase. 
D) Lipoprotein lipase. 
E) Thiolase. 
A) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). 
B) Glucokinase. 
C) Hormone-sensitive lipase. 
D) Lipoprotein lipase. 
E) Thiolase.

Question 15

Triglycerides are extremely hydrophobic and need to be transported in lipoprotein particles.The particle involved in the transfer of triglycerides from the liver to adipose tissue is called:

Accepted Answer

A) VLDL. 
B) LDL. 
C) Chylomicron. 
D) Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). 
E) High-density lipoprotein (HDL). 
A) VLDL. 
B) LDL. 
C) Chylomicron. 
D) Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). 
E) High-density lipoprotein (HDL).

Exam 39: Hormonal Regulation of Energy Metabolism

The first action of secreted insulin is:

Levels of circulating FFAs (associated primarily with albumin)are often elevated in the prediabetic and diabetic states.This is due to:

The most important stimulus of insulin release is:

Glucagon has an important counterregulatory role that prevents hypoglycemia.Which glucagon-stimulated enzyme increases hepatic glucose production and thus blood glucose levels?

A key metabolite that controls the movement of fatty acyl CoA into the mitochondria (where they are oxidized)is:

The hormone released by adipose tissue that decreases appetite is called:

A major source of stored energy for skeletal muscle during exercise is:

Juvenile-onset type 1 diabetes is often suspected by parents because of which change in the child's appearance or behavior?

During fasting,blood glucose level is maintained through several sources.The first source of stored energy to be mobilized for blood glucose is:

High circulating lipid levels are typical of the prediabetic and diabetic states.When the liver is saturated with glucose from the blood,it converts the glucose into free fatty acids (FFAs)and triglycerides.One of the enzymes involved in hepatic lipogenesis is:

The insulin receptor belongs to which family of receptors?

A primary target of insulin in skeletal muscle is:

Insulin stimulates triglyceride storage in adipose tissue.Which of the following enzymes plays an important role in this?

Triglycerides are extremely hydrophobic and need to be transported in lipoprotein particles.The particle involved in the transfer of triglycerides from the liver to adipose tissue is called:

Principles of Cell Function

Homeostasis of Body Fluids

Signal Transduction, membrane Receptors, second Messengers, and Regulation of Gene Expression

The Nervous System: Introduction to Cells and Systems

Generation and Conduction of Action Potentials

Synaptic Transmission

The Somatosensory System

The Special Senses

Organization of Motor Function

Higher Functions of the Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System and Its Central Control

Skeletal Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Overview of Circulation

Elements of Cardiac Function

Properties of the Vasculature

Regulation of the Heart and Vasculature

Integrated Control of the Cardiovascular System

Structure and Function of the Respiratory System

Static Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics

Dynamic Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics

Ventilation

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

Control of Respiration

Non-Physiologic Functions of the Lung: Host Defense and Metabolism

Functional Anatomy and General Principles of Regulation in the Gastrointestinal Tract

The Cephalic, oral, and Esophageal Phases of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Gastric Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Small Intestinal Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Colonic Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

Transport and Metabolic Functions of the Liver

Elements of Renal Function

Solute and Water Transport Along the Nephron: Tubular Function

Control of Body Fluid Osmolality and Volume

Potassium, calcium, and Phosphate Homeostasis

Role of the Kidneys in the Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Introduction to the Endocrine System

Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism

The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The Adrenal Glands

The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

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