Question 1

Upper motor neuron (or pyramidal tract)syndrome is:

Accepted Answer

A) Characterized by the permanent loss of the stretch reflexes. 
B) Fully expressed when only the corticospinal tract is interrupted. 
C) Characterized by a lasting decrease in muscle tone. 
D) Characterized by Babinski's sign and the appearance of other pathological reflexes. 
E) Fully expressed after damage to the vestibular nuclei. 
A) Characterized by the permanent loss of the stretch reflexes. 
B) Fully expressed when only the corticospinal tract is interrupted. 
C) Characterized by a lasting decrease in muscle tone. 
D) Characterized by Babinski's sign and the appearance of other pathological reflexes. 
E) Fully expressed after damage to the vestibular nuclei. D

Question 2

With a person standing upright,head rotation to the right causes:

Accepted Answer

A) Activation of hair cells in the left horizontal canal and right abducens nucleus. 
B) Activation of hair cells in the right horizontal canal and right abducens nucleus. 
C) Activation of hair cells in the left horizontal canal and left abducens nucleus. 
D) Activation of hair cells in the right horizontal canal and left abducens nucleus. 
E) A vertical nystagmus 
A) Activation of hair cells in the left horizontal canal and right abducens nucleus. 
B) Activation of hair cells in the right horizontal canal and right abducens nucleus. 
C) Activation of hair cells in the left horizontal canal and left abducens nucleus. 
D) Activation of hair cells in the right horizontal canal and left abducens nucleus. 
E) A vertical nystagmus D

Question 3

In the motor map of the primary motor cortex:

Accepted Answer

A) Each muscle is represented by a single cortical column. 
B) Each muscle is represented by multiple columns within a single continuous region. 
C) The number of cortical columns representing a muscle is proportional to the mass of the muscle. 
D) The amount of territory representing a muscle is correlated with the degree of fine control over movements made using that muscle. 
E) Columns controlling different muscles are randomly intermixed. 
A) Each muscle is represented by a single cortical column. 
B) Each muscle is represented by multiple columns within a single continuous region. 
C) The number of cortical columns representing a muscle is proportional to the mass of the muscle. 
D) The amount of territory representing a muscle is correlated with the degree of fine control over movements made using that muscle. 
E) Columns controlling different muscles are randomly intermixed. D

Question 4

Dopamine's action in the caudate and putamen will _____ activity in the globus pallidus internal (GPi)as a result of _______.

Accepted Answer

A) Decrease; activation of the direct pathway and inhibition of the indirect pathway 
B) Decrease; inhibition of the direct pathway and activation of the indirect pathway 
C) Increase; activation of the direct pathway and inhibition of the indirect pathway 
D) Increase; inhibition of the direct pathway and activation of the indirect pathway 
E) Decrease; inhibition of both direct and indirect pathways 
A) Decrease; activation of the direct pathway and inhibition of the indirect pathway 
B) Decrease; inhibition of the direct pathway and activation of the indirect pathway 
C) Increase; activation of the direct pathway and inhibition of the indirect pathway 
D) Increase; inhibition of the direct pathway and activation of the indirect pathway 
E) Decrease; inhibition of both direct and indirect pathways

Question 5

According to the size principle:

Accepted Answer

A) Large α motor neurons are recruited before small ones. 
B) Large and small α motor neurons are recruited simultaneously. 
C) α and $\gamma$ motor neurons are activated simultaneously during a movement. 
D) α motor neurons are activated before $\gamma$ motor neurons during a movement. 
E) Small motor neurons are more excitable than are large motor neurons. 
A) Large α motor neurons are recruited before small ones. 
B) Large and small α motor neurons are recruited simultaneously. 
C) α and $\gamma$ motor neurons are activated simultaneously during a movement. 
D) α motor neurons are activated before $\gamma$ motor neurons during a movement. 
E) Small motor neurons are more excitable than are large motor neurons.

Question 6

Intrafusal muscle fibers but not extrafusal fibers:

Accepted Answer

A) Receive only sensory innervation. 
B) Are innervated by only one motor neuron. 
C) Contain an equatorial region with little to no contractile protein. 
D) Run the length of the muscle. 
A) Receive only sensory innervation. 
B) Are innervated by only one motor neuron. 
C) Contain an equatorial region with little to no contractile protein. 
D) Run the length of the muscle.

Question 7

Damage to which structure would produce an extensor rigidity that would not be significantly altered by section of the dorsal roots?

Accepted Answer

A) Lateral vestibular nucleus. 
B) Anterior vermal region of the cerebellar cortex. 
C) Medullary reticular formation (nucleus gigantocellularis). 
D) Cortical afferent pathways to the pontine and medullary reticular formation. 
E) Cortex of the cerebellar hemisphere. 
A) Lateral vestibular nucleus. 
B) Anterior vermal region of the cerebellar cortex. 
C) Medullary reticular formation (nucleus gigantocellularis). 
D) Cortical afferent pathways to the pontine and medullary reticular formation. 
E) Cortex of the cerebellar hemisphere.

Question 8

A monkey makes arm movements while you record the activity of a cell in primary motor cortex in a cortical column related to arm muscles.What is probably true about the cell's activity?

Accepted Answer

A) It is linearly related to movement direction and thus can predict the direction of the upcoming movement. 
B) It does not vary with movement direction. 
C) It always increases during the movement. 
D) It is nonlinearly related to movement direction and does not predict the specific direction of the upcoming movement. 
A) It is linearly related to movement direction and thus can predict the direction of the upcoming movement. 
B) It does not vary with movement direction. 
C) It always increases during the movement. 
D) It is nonlinearly related to movement direction and does not predict the specific direction of the upcoming movement.

Question 9

A stimulus applied to the surface of the cerebellar cortex activates a beam of parallel fibers.This produces:

Accepted Answer

A) A wave of inhibited Purkinje cells in line with the parallel fiber beam. 
B) Waves of excited Purkinje cells that flank the parallel fiber beam. 
C) A wave of excited basket and stellate cells in line with the parallel fiber beam. 
D) Waves of excited basket and stellate cells that flank the parallel fiber beam. 
E) Complex spikes in Purkinje cells in line with the parallel fiber beam. 
A) A wave of inhibited Purkinje cells in line with the parallel fiber beam. 
B) Waves of excited Purkinje cells that flank the parallel fiber beam. 
C) A wave of excited basket and stellate cells in line with the parallel fiber beam. 
D) Waves of excited basket and stellate cells that flank the parallel fiber beam. 
E) Complex spikes in Purkinje cells in line with the parallel fiber beam.

Question 10

The phasic Ia stretch reflex:

Accepted Answer

A) Has a polysynaptic reflex arc. 
B) Acts to maintain a constant level of tension in the muscle. 
C) Is initiated by a receptor that lies in series with the extrafusal fibers. 
D) Has its sensitivity controlled by the gamma motor neuron system. 
A) Has a polysynaptic reflex arc. 
B) Acts to maintain a constant level of tension in the muscle. 
C) Is initiated by a receptor that lies in series with the extrafusal fibers. 
D) Has its sensitivity controlled by the gamma motor neuron system.

Exam 9: Organization of Motor Function

Upper motor neuron (or pyramidal tract)syndrome is:

With a person standing upright,head rotation to the right causes:

In the motor map of the primary motor cortex:

Dopamine's action in the caudate and putamen will _____ activity in the globus pallidus internal (GPi)as a result of _______.

According to the size principle:

Intrafusal muscle fibers but not extrafusal fibers:

Damage to which structure would produce an extensor rigidity that would not be significantly altered by section of the dorsal roots?

A monkey makes arm movements while you record the activity of a cell in primary motor cortex in a cortical column related to arm muscles.What is probably true about the cell's activity?

A stimulus applied to the surface of the cerebellar cortex activates a beam of parallel fibers.This produces:

The phasic Ia stretch reflex:

Principles of Cell Function

Homeostasis of Body Fluids

Signal Transduction, membrane Receptors, second Messengers, and Regulation of Gene Expression

The Nervous System: Introduction to Cells and Systems

Generation and Conduction of Action Potentials

Synaptic Transmission

The Somatosensory System

The Special Senses

Higher Functions of the Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System and Its Central Control

Skeletal Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Overview of Circulation

Elements of Cardiac Function

Properties of the Vasculature

Regulation of the Heart and Vasculature

Integrated Control of the Cardiovascular System

Structure and Function of the Respiratory System

Static Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics

Dynamic Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics

Ventilation

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

Control of Respiration

Non-Physiologic Functions of the Lung: Host Defense and Metabolism

Functional Anatomy and General Principles of Regulation in the Gastrointestinal Tract

The Cephalic, oral, and Esophageal Phases of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Gastric Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Small Intestinal Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

The Colonic Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal

Transport and Metabolic Functions of the Liver

Elements of Renal Function

Solute and Water Transport Along the Nephron: Tubular Function

Control of Body Fluid Osmolality and Volume

Potassium, calcium, and Phosphate Homeostasis

Role of the Kidneys in the Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Introduction to the Endocrine System

Hormonal Regulation of Energy Metabolism

Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism

The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The Adrenal Glands

The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Filters

Dopamine's action in the caudate and putamen will _ activity in the globus pallidus internal (GPi)as a result of ___.