Question 1

What term is used to describe the steady-state value for any variable that the body attempts to maintain?

Accepted Answer

A)  Set point 
B)  Equilibrium potential 
C)  Error signal 
D)  Reflex arc 
E)  Median value 
A)  Set point 
B)  Equilibrium potential 
C)  Error signal 
D)  Reflex arc 
E)  Median value

Question 2

If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decrease the amount of sodium in the blood. 
B)  Increase the amount of sodium in the blood. 
C)  Leave the amount of sodium unchanged. 
D)  Change the set point for sodium. 
E)  Inhibit the ingestion of more sodium. 
A)  Decrease the amount of sodium in the blood. 
B)  Increase the amount of sodium in the blood. 
C)  Leave the amount of sodium unchanged. 
D)  Change the set point for sodium. 
E)  Inhibit the ingestion of more sodium.

Question 3

What is a hormone?

Accepted Answer

A)  a chemical released from a nerve cell that affects nearby cells across a synapse 
B)  a chemical released from an endocrine gland that affects target cells without entering the bloodstream 
C)  a chemical found in the blood that catalyzes the destruction of ingested toxins and foreign substances 
D)  a chemical excreted from sweat gland that signals other individuals about the physiological status of the body 
E)  a chemical regulator secreted from an endocrine gland that travels through the bloodstream to affect target cells 
A)  a chemical released from a nerve cell that affects nearby cells across a synapse 
B)  a chemical released from an endocrine gland that affects target cells without entering the bloodstream 
C)  a chemical found in the blood that catalyzes the destruction of ingested toxins and foreign substances 
D)  a chemical excreted from sweat gland that signals other individuals about the physiological status of the body 
E)  a chemical regulator secreted from an endocrine gland that travels through the bloodstream to affect target cells

Question 4

What is the term for the developmental process that leads to specialized cell types?

Accepted Answer

A)  genomics 
B)  differentiation 
C)  homeostasis 
D)  positive feedback 
E)  acclimatization 
A)  genomics 
B)  differentiation 
C)  homeostasis 
D)  positive feedback 
E)  acclimatization

Question 5

______________ is term describing regulation of cellular activity by chemical mediators produced by that same cell.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ______________ is term describing regulation of cellular...

Question 6

Identify the effectors in this homeostatic reflex: Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal.

Accepted Answer

A)  brainstem and blood vessels 
B)  blood vessels, hormones, and nerves 
C)  heart, kidneys, and blood vessels 
D)  brainstem, blood vessels, and kidneys 
E)  hormones and nerves 
A)  brainstem and blood vessels 
B)  blood vessels, hormones, and nerves 
C)  heart, kidneys, and blood vessels 
D)  brainstem, blood vessels, and kidneys 
E)  hormones and nerves

Question 7

The extracellular fluid compartment includes the interstitial fluid and blood plasma.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

A protein is found in blood that is produced by the pancreas and acts on receptors of cells in the liver. What type of physiological regulator is it most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

A)  a hormone 
B)  an autocrine signal 
C)  a paracrine signal 
D)  a neurotransmitter 
E)  an enzyme 
A)  a hormone 
B)  an autocrine signal 
C)  a paracrine signal 
D)  a neurotransmitter 
E)  an enzyme

Question 9

Heart rate is increased by the release of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  endocrine control 
B)  exocrine control 
C)  paracrine control 
D)  direct neural control 
E)  positive feedback 
A)  endocrine control 
B)  exocrine control 
C)  paracrine control 
D)  direct neural control 
E)  positive feedback

Question 10

The study of disease states in the body is called

Accepted Answer

A)  Pathophysiology 
B)  Anatomy 
C)  Homeostasis 
D)  Biology 
E)  Histology 
A)  Pathophysiology 
B)  Anatomy 
C)  Homeostasis 
D)  Biology 
E)  Histology

Question 11

The composition of the fluid bathing the cells of the body is the same as that within the cells.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

After spending several days at a high altitude, where oxygen pressure is low, a person will begin to produce more red blood cells, which enhances the ability of blood to carry oxygen to the tissues. What term best describes this type of response?

Accepted Answer

A)  developmental acclimatization 
B)  positive feedback 
C)  physiological acclimatization 
D)  feedforward regulation 
E)  evolution 
A)  developmental acclimatization 
B)  positive feedback 
C)  physiological acclimatization 
D)  feedforward regulation 
E)  evolution

Question 13

Shivering in response to a cold draft is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  A homeostatic mechanism 
B)  Negative feedback 
C)  A physiological reflex 
D)  Thermoregulation 
E)  All of the choices are correct 
A)  A homeostatic mechanism 
B)  Negative feedback 
C)  A physiological reflex 
D)  Thermoregulation 
E)  All of the choices are correct

Question 14

Organs are generally composed of only one kind of tissue.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which one of the following is the correct sequence for a regulatory reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stimulus, effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor 
B)  Stimulus, receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector 
C)  Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector 
D)  Stimulus, effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor 
E)  Effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor, stimulus 
A)  Stimulus, effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor 
B)  Stimulus, receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector 
C)  Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector 
D)  Stimulus, effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor 
E)  Effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor, stimulus

Question 16

How are endocrine glands and hormones involved in homeostatic reflexes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Endocrine glands can be receptors, and hormones can be effectors. 
B)  Endocrine glands can be integrators and hormones can be efferent pathways. 
C)  Endocrine glands can be efferent pathways and hormones can be effectors. 
D)  Endocrine glands are not part of reflex mechanisms, but hormones can be afferent or efferent pathways. 
E)  They are not involved; reflexes only involve actions of the nervous system. 
A)  Endocrine glands can be receptors, and hormones can be effectors. 
B)  Endocrine glands can be integrators and hormones can be efferent pathways. 
C)  Endocrine glands can be efferent pathways and hormones can be effectors. 
D)  Endocrine glands are not part of reflex mechanisms, but hormones can be afferent or efferent pathways. 
E)  They are not involved; reflexes only involve actions of the nervous system.

Question 17

What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  to maintain a constant internal environment 
B)  to anticipate changes in the environment 
C)  to return a variable toward the set point 
D)  to bring about a rapid change in the body 
E)  to detect changes in the external environment 
A)  to maintain a constant internal environment 
B)  to anticipate changes in the environment 
C)  to return a variable toward the set point 
D)  to bring about a rapid change in the body 
E)  to detect changes in the external environment

Question 18

Which situation describes a feedforward mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blood glucose returns toward normal an hour after a meal. 
B)  The smell of rotten food on a plate triggers the vomit reflex. 
C)  A drop in core body temperature triggers shivering. 
D)  An increase in core body temperature stimulates sweating. 
E)  Food in the stomach triggers the production of stomach acid. 
A)  Blood glucose returns toward normal an hour after a meal. 
B)  The smell of rotten food on a plate triggers the vomit reflex. 
C)  A drop in core body temperature triggers shivering. 
D)  An increase in core body temperature stimulates sweating. 
E)  Food in the stomach triggers the production of stomach acid.

Question 19

Which is NOT a connective tissue cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  bone cells 
B)  skeletal muscle cells 
C)  blood cells 
D)  fat cells 
E)  cartilage cells 
A)  bone cells 
B)  skeletal muscle cells 
C)  blood cells 
D)  fat cells 
E)  cartilage cells

Question 20

Eating a bag of salty potato chips without increasing sodium excretion would result in what state?

Accepted Answer

A)  positive sodium balance 
B)  negative sodium balance 
C)  stable sodium balance 
D)  It can't be determined without knowing the size of the sodium pool 
A)  positive sodium balance 
B)  negative sodium balance 
C)  stable sodium balance 
D)  It can't be determined without knowing the size of the sodium pool

What term is used to describe the steady-state value for any variable that the body attempts to maintain?

If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do?

What is a hormone?

What is the term for the developmental process that leads to specialized cell types?

______________ is term describing regulation of cellular activity by chemical mediators produced by that same cell.

The extracellular fluid compartment includes the interstitial fluid and blood plasma.

A protein is found in blood that is produced by the pancreas and acts on receptors of cells in the liver. What type of physiological regulator is it most likely to be?

Heart rate is increased by the release of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream. This is an example of

The study of disease states in the body is called

The composition of the fluid bathing the cells of the body is the same as that within the cells.

After spending several days at a high altitude, where oxygen pressure is low, a person will begin to produce more red blood cells, which enhances the ability of blood to carry oxygen to the tissues. What term best describes this type of response?

Shivering in response to a cold draft is an example of

Organs are generally composed of only one kind of tissue.

Which one of the following is the correct sequence for a regulatory reflex arc?

How are endocrine glands and hormones involved in homeostatic reflexes?

What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms?

Which situation describes a feedforward mechanism?

Which is NOT a connective tissue cell?

Eating a bag of salty potato chips without increasing sodium excretion would result in what state?

Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling in Physiology

Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

Control of Body Movement

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

Respiratory Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

The Immune System

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Exam 1: Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology

What term is used to describe the steady-state value for any variable that the body attempts to maintain?

If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do?

What is a hormone?

What is the term for the developmental process that leads to specialized cell types?

______________ is term describing regulation of cellular activity by chemical mediators produced by that same cell.

The extracellular fluid compartment includes the interstitial fluid and blood plasma.

A protein is found in blood that is produced by the pancreas and acts on receptors of cells in the liver. What type of physiological regulator is it most likely to be?

Heart rate is increased by the release of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream. This is an example of

The study of disease states in the body is called

The composition of the fluid bathing the cells of the body is the same as that within the cells.

After spending several days at a high altitude, where oxygen pressure is low, a person will begin to produce more red blood cells, which enhances the ability of blood to carry oxygen to the tissues. What term best describes this type of response?

Shivering in response to a cold draft is an example of

Organs are generally composed of only one kind of tissue.

Which one of the following is the correct sequence for a regulatory reflex arc?

How are endocrine glands and hormones involved in homeostatic reflexes?

What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms?

Which situation describes a feedforward mechanism?

Which is NOT a connective tissue cell?

Eating a bag of salty potato chips without increasing sodium excretion would result in what state?

Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling in Physiology

Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Muscle

Control of Body Movement

The Endocrine System

Cardiovascular Physiology

Respiratory Physiology

The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

The Digestion and Absorption of Food

Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance

Reproduction

The Immune System

Filters