Question 1

When a placebo is effective in reducing pain,then the placebo has become a conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning is:

Accepted Answer

A) shaping. 
B) unconditioned response. 
C) the Garcia effect. 
D) successive approximations. 
A) shaping. 
B) unconditioned response. 
C) the Garcia effect. 
D) successive approximations.

Question 3

An electric shock would be an example of a primary punisher.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept.
-During operant conditioning,the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A) discriminative stimulus 
B) spontaneous recovery 
C) shaping 
D) latent learning 
E) instinctive drift 
A) discriminative stimulus 
B) spontaneous recovery 
C) shaping 
D) latent learning 
E) instinctive drift

Question 5

The conditioned stimulus allows an organism to prepare for an event that is about to happen.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names.
-"Little Albert"

Accepted Answer

A) Edward Tolman 
B) Edward Thorndike 
C) Watson and Rayner 
D) Ivan Pavlov 
E) B.F.Skinner 
A) Edward Tolman 
B) Edward Thorndike 
C) Watson and Rayner 
D) Ivan Pavlov 
E) B.F.Skinner

Question 7

The first known scientific study of anger was conducted by B.F.Skinner during the late 1930s.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

When a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response,then stimulus discrimination has occurred.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

When salivation occurs in response to a previously neutral stimulus,it is called a/an:

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus. 
B) conditioned response. 
C) unconditioned response. 
D) unconditioned stimulus. 
A) conditioned stimulus. 
B) conditioned response. 
C) unconditioned response. 
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 10

Miguel is an animal trainer who teaches animals to act as the "eyes" of the blind.It is most likely that Miguel relies upon:

Accepted Answer

A) latent learning. 
B) vicarious learning 
C) shaping. 
D) observational learning. 
A) latent learning. 
B) vicarious learning 
C) shaping. 
D) observational learning.

Question 11

________ is defined as a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) Stimulus discrimination 
B) Spontaneous recovery 
C) Higher-order conditioning 
D) Intermittent reinforcement 
A) Stimulus discrimination 
B) Spontaneous recovery 
C) Higher-order conditioning 
D) Intermittent reinforcement

Question 12

What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) Nothing.They are two different terms for the same thing. 
B) Punishment involves presentation of an aversive consequence,but negative reinforcement involves removal of a positive consequence. 
C) Negative reinforcement is part of operant conditioning,but punishment is used in classical conditioning. 
D) Negative reinforcement strengthens behaviour,but punishment weakens it. 
A) Nothing.They are two different terms for the same thing. 
B) Punishment involves presentation of an aversive consequence,but negative reinforcement involves removal of a positive consequence. 
C) Negative reinforcement is part of operant conditioning,but punishment is used in classical conditioning. 
D) Negative reinforcement strengthens behaviour,but punishment weakens it.

Question 13

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names.
-Latent learning

Accepted Answer

A) Edward Tolman 
B) Edward Thorndike 
C) Watson and Rayner 
D) Ivan Pavlov 
E) B.F.Skinner 
A) Edward Tolman 
B) Edward Thorndike 
C) Watson and Rayner 
D) Ivan Pavlov 
E) B.F.Skinner

Question 14

The "Garcia effect" described in the textbook explains why:

Accepted Answer

A) a type of food can become a conditioned stimulus for nausea but only when sickness immediately follows the consumption of the food. 
B) getting sick after eating a particular food can produce a conditioned response not only to the food but also to the people you're with at the time as well. 
C) animals are biologically primed to associate sickness more readily with sights and sounds than with tastes. 
D) conditioned taste aversions can occur after only one pairing of a particular food with illness. 
A) a type of food can become a conditioned stimulus for nausea but only when sickness immediately follows the consumption of the food. 
B) getting sick after eating a particular food can produce a conditioned response not only to the food but also to the people you're with at the time as well. 
C) animals are biologically primed to associate sickness more readily with sights and sounds than with tastes. 
D) conditioned taste aversions can occur after only one pairing of a particular food with illness.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding punishment?

Accepted Answer

A) Inconsistent punishment,when lawbreakers "get away with their crimes," is actually intermittent reinforcement so the undesirable behaviour is resistant to extinction. 
B) Photo radar is not successful at reducing speeding. 
C) Mild punishers,such as a firm "No" are as effective as strong punishers,such as electric shock. 
D) Punishment is most effective in the period immediately following its delivery. 
A) Inconsistent punishment,when lawbreakers "get away with their crimes," is actually intermittent reinforcement so the undesirable behaviour is resistant to extinction. 
B) Photo radar is not successful at reducing speeding. 
C) Mild punishers,such as a firm "No" are as effective as strong punishers,such as electric shock. 
D) Punishment is most effective in the period immediately following its delivery.

Question 16

Keller and Marian Breland were unable to teach a pig to drop a "coin" in a box because of:

Accepted Answer

A) shaping. 
B) intermittent reinforcement. 
C) instinctive drift. 
D) successive approximations. 
A) shaping. 
B) intermittent reinforcement. 
C) instinctive drift. 
D) successive approximations.

Question 17

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) food 
B) water 
C) sex 
D) money 
A) food 
B) water 
C) sex 
D) money

Question 18

Secondary reinforcers and punishers are often called conditioned reinforcers and punishers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Principles of operant conditioning have been used to help explain why people get attached to "lucky" hats,charms,and rituals.Using these principles,explain how an athlete might show this type of attachment.How did Skinner demonstrate the phenomenon of superstitious behaviour with eight pigeons in his laboratory?

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following

Question 20

The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning is:

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned response. 
C) unconditioned stimulus. 
D) conditioned response. 
A) conditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned response. 
C) unconditioned stimulus. 
D) conditioned response.

When a placebo is effective in reducing pain,then the placebo has become a conditioned stimulus.

The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning is:

An electric shock would be an example of a primary punisher.

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept. -During operant conditioning,the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behaviour.

The conditioned stimulus allows an organism to prepare for an event that is about to happen.

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names. -"Little Albert"

The first known scientific study of anger was conducted by B.F.Skinner during the late 1930s.

When a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response,then stimulus discrimination has occurred.

When salivation occurs in response to a previously neutral stimulus,it is called a/an:

Miguel is an animal trainer who teaches animals to act as the "eyes" of the blind.It is most likely that Miguel relies upon:

________ is defined as a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names. -^{Latent learning}

The "Garcia effect" described in the textbook explains why:

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding punishment?

Keller and Marian Breland were unable to teach a pig to drop a "coin" in a box because of:

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Secondary reinforcers and punishers are often called conditioned reinforcers and punishers.

The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning is:

What Is Psychology

How Psychologists Do Research

Genes,evolution,and Environment

The Brain: Source of Mind and Self

Body Rhythms and Mental States

Sensation and Perception

Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context

Thinking and Intelligence

Memory

Emotion,stress,and Health

Motivation

Development Over the Life Span

Theories of Personality

Psychological Disorders

Approaches to Treatment and Therapy

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Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

When a placebo is effective in reducing pain,then the placebo has become a conditioned stimulus.

The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning is:

An electric shock would be an example of a primary punisher.

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept. -During operant conditioning,the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behaviour.

The conditioned stimulus allows an organism to prepare for an event that is about to happen.

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names. -"Little Albert"

The first known scientific study of anger was conducted by B.F.Skinner during the late 1930s.

When a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response,then stimulus discrimination has occurred.

When salivation occurs in response to a previously neutral stimulus,it is called a/an:

Miguel is an animal trainer who teaches animals to act as the "eyes" of the blind.It is most likely that Miguel relies upon:

________ is defined as a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names. -Latent learning

The "Garcia effect" described in the textbook explains why:

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding punishment?

Keller and Marian Breland were unable to teach a pig to drop a "coin" in a box because of:

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Secondary reinforcers and punishers are often called conditioned reinforcers and punishers.

The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning is:

What Is Psychology

How Psychologists Do Research

Genes,evolution,and Environment

The Brain: Source of Mind and Self

Body Rhythms and Mental States

Sensation and Perception

Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context

Thinking and Intelligence

Memory

Emotion,stress,and Health

Motivation

Development Over the Life Span

Theories of Personality

Psychological Disorders

Approaches to Treatment and Therapy

Filters

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names. -^{Latent learning}