Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

Describe the role glutamate appears to play in the acquisition and extinction of a conditioned fear response.

At the end of the nineteenth century,G.Stanley Hall conducted a study of anger in which people reported episodes of anger that they had witnessed.One observation involved a three-year-old girl who paused right in the middle of a tantrum,during a period of what seemed to be uncontrollable sobs.She was upset because she had been kept home from a ride and wanted to know if her father was home.When told that he wasn't yet home,the girl resumed her tantrum.Why is this observation perfectly understandable based on the laws of learning?

B.F.Skinner has been called one of the greatest of American psychologists.He also had been called one of the most misunderstood psychologists.Distinguish between the "man" and the "myth," supporting your statements with information from the textbook.

When Pavlov first noticed that his dogs were salivating to things other than food,he called the phenomenon a:

"Little Albert" was a:

What situation led Keller and Marian Breland to propose the concept of instinctive drift?

Match the descriptions with the appropriate type of reinforcement. -A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal,delay,or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus.

Tolman's research suggested that learning involves cognitive changes that can occur in the absence of reinforcement and that these cognitive changes may not be acted upon until a reinforcer becomes available.

Social-learning theory,developed initially by Dollard and Miller,proposes that most human learning is a result of:

Classical conditioning has occurred if your mouth begins to water when you see a picture of your favourite meal on the menu.

In Chapter 1,one of the critical thinking guidelines that we learned about was "Consider Other Interpretations." Before settling on one interpretation of the evidence,critical thinkers generate as many interpretations as possible.For example,an athlete wears a new pair of socks and then surpasses her own record for the number of baskets made during a game.Her socks become "lucky" and she makes sure to wear them for each basketball game.What type of reinforcement explains the fact that she clings to her socks as a lucky charm? What other interpretations should she consider?

In the late 1800s,Edward Thorndike set the stage for operant conditioning procedures when he observed cats as they tried to escape from a puzzle box to get a scrap of fish.

A variation of the counterconditioning procedure used in the treatment of Peter's fear of rabbits has been used to treat adult phobias.This variation is called:

________ helps explain why Ryan thinks that he will score more goals when he wears his lucky jersey signed by Wayne Gretzky.

A girl classically conditions her dog to blink by blowing into her dog's eyes just after saying "blink!" Unfortunately,her parrot overhears the procedure,and says "blink" all day long when the girl is out.When she returns,the girl says "blink" to her dog,but he does not blink.It appears as though:

Match the contributions with the appropriate people. -put the "cognitive" in social-cognitive theory

Three-year-old Peter's fear of rabbits was eliminated through a process called counterconditioning.

At first,Pavlov treated the dogs' drooling as:

Intermittent reinforcement results in:

What conclusions were reached when researchers attempted to teach slugs to dislike foods by pairing the food with an unpleasant,bitter-tasting chemical?